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Development Ch. 4
Chapter 4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cultural Beliefs | The predominant beliefs in a culture about right and wrong, what is most important in life, and how life should be lived. May also include beliefs about where and how life originated and what happens after death. |
| Symbolic Inheritance | The set of ideas and understandings, both implicit and explicit, about persons, society, nature, and divinity that serve as a guide to life in a particular culture. Expressed symbolically through stones, songs, rituals, scared objects, and sacred places. |
| Bar Mitzvah | Jewish religious ritual for boys at age 13 that signifies the adolescents new responsibilities with respect to Jewish beliefs |
| Bat Mitzvah | Jewish religious ritual for girls at age 13 that signifies the adolescents new responsibilities with respect to Jewish beliefs. |
| Roles | Defined social positions in a culture, containing specifications of behavior, status and relations with others. Examples include gender, age, and social class |
| Gender Roles | Cultural beliefs about the kinds of work, appearance, and other aspects of behavior that distinguish women from men. |
| Self-Regulation | The capacity for exercising self-control in order to restrain one's impulses and comply with social norms. |
| Role Preparation | An outcome of socialization that includes preparation for occupational roles, gender roles, and roles in institutions such as marriage and parenthood. |
| Sources of meaning | The ideas and beliefs that people learn as part of socialization, indicating what is to be lived for, and how to explain and offer consolation for the individual's mortality |
| Interdependent Self | A conception of the self typically found in collectivistic cultures, in which the self in seen as defined by roles and relationships within the group |
| Independent Self | A conception of the self typically found in individualistic cultures, in which the self is seen as existing independently of relations with others, with an emphasis on independence, individual freedoms, and individual achievements. |
| Broad Socialization | The process by which person in an individualistic culture come to learn individualism, including values of individual uniqueness, independence, and self-expression |
| Narrow Socialization | The process by which persons in a collectivistic culture come to learn collectivism, including values of obedience and conformity. |
| Custom Complex | A customary practice and the beliefs, values, sanctions, rules motives, and satisfactions associated with it; that is, a normative practice in a culture and the cultural beliefs that provide the basis for that practice. |
| Ontongenetic | Something that occurs naturally in the course of development as part of normal maturation; that is, it is driven by innate processes rather than by environmental stimulation, or a specific cultural practice. |
| First-generation Families | The status of persons who were born in one country and then immigrated to another. |
| Second-generation Families | The status of persons who were born in the country they currently reside in but whose parents were born in a different country |
| Secular | Based on nonreligious beliefs and values. |
| Social Desirability | The tendency for people participating in social science studies to report their behavior as they believe it would be approved by others rather than as it actually occured. |
| Poetic-Conventional Faith | Fowler's term for the state of faith development most typical of early adolescence, in which people become more aware of the symbolism used in their faith and religious understanding becomes more complex in the sense that there is more than one truth |
| Individuating-Reflective Faith | Fowler's term for the state of faith most typical of late adolescence and emerging adulthood, in which people rely less on what their parents believed and develop a more individualized faith based on questioning their beliefs and incorporating personal |
| Ramadan | A month in the Muslim year that commemorates the revelation of the Koran from God to the prophet Muhammad, requiring fasting from sunrise to sunset each day and refraining from all sensual indulgences. |
| Koran | The holy book of the religion of Islam, believed by Muslims to have been communicated to Muhammad from God through the angel Gabriel. |
| Heteronomous Morality | Piaget's tern for the period of moral development from about age 4 to 7, in which moral rules, are viewed as having a sacred, fixed quality, handed down from figures of authority and alterable only by them. |
| Autonomous Morality | Piaget's term for the period of moral development from about age 10 to 12, involving a growing realization that moral rules are social conventions that can be changed if people decide they should be changed. |
| Preconventional Reasoning | In Kohlberg's theory of moral development, the level in which moral reasoning is based on perceptions of the likelihood of external rewards and punishments. |
| Conventional Reasoning | In Kohlberg's theory of moral development, the level of moral reasoing in which the person advocates the value of conforming to the moral expectations of others. What is right is whatever agrees with the rules established by tradition and by authorities. |
| Postconventional Reasoning | In Kohlberg's theory of moral development, the level in which moral reasoning is based on the individual's own independent judgments rather than on egocentric considerations or considerations of what others view as wrong or right. |
| Justice Orientation | A type of moral orientation that places a premium on abstract principles of justice, equality, and fairness. |
| Care Orientation | Gilligan's term for the type of moral orientation that involves focusing on relationship with others as the basis for moral reasoning. |
| Worldview | A set of cultural beliefs that explain what it means to be human, how human relations should be conducted and how human problems should be addressed. |
| Symbolic Inheritance | The set of ideas and understandings, both implicit and explicit, about persons, society, nature, and divinity that serve as a guide to life in a particular culture. Expressed symbolically through stories, rituals, sacred objects, and sacred places. |
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alinderm
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