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AP PSYCH
CH 9 Motivation& Emotion
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Robert Plutchick: | Psychologist, he created the theory of emotion. He created a prism that showed levels(depth) of emotion, & a wheel of emotion. |
| Info on Plutchick | •Emotions on the wheel that were next to each other were similar, those that were not near each other were very different from each other. |
| More info on plutchick: | •There are 8 basic emotions; fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger, anticipation, joy, & acceptance. Each of these emotions help us to adjust to the demands of our environment. |
| Even more info on plutchick: | •Ex: anger propels animals to attack or destroy. • English Language, has 2,000 words to describe emotional experiences, but Taiwanese Chinese has only 750. One tribal language has only 7 words. |
| What are primary emotions: | They’re emotions that I feel FIRST. No more than a dozen emotions are primary emotions. Emotions, include fear, anger, pleasure, sadness, disgust, surprise, and more. Has 4 criteria |
| More info on primary emotions, 4 criteria | 1.Emotion must be evident in all cultures 2.Emotion must contribute to survival 3.Emotions must associate with distinct facial expressions 4.Emotions must be evident in non-human primates. |
| What are secondary emotions? | : Emotions that I feel the MOST. Found in only some cultures. There are many more emotions than Primary here |
| Paul Eckman: | : American Psychologist, he’s the pioneer of emotions & their relation to facial expressions. |
| Positive Psychology: | Branch of psychology that focuses on the study & support of positive emotions, traits, & institutions. Deals w/happiness |
| Subjective Well Being(SWB): | Having more positive than negative emotions & having feelings of overall life satisfaction. External events & demographic characteristics have very little influence on SWB. |
| William James/carl lange | : American Psych, who formulated the first modern theory of emotion in the 1800’s. Danish psych Carl Lange reached the same conclusion, thus James-Lang Theory came |
| James-Lange Theory: | Stimuli cause physiological changes in our bodies, & emotions result form those physiological changes. |
| More info on James Lange Theory: | • Ex: If I come face to face w/ a bear, I will respond physically & physiologically. • Occurs instantly/automatically • Stimulus physiological reactions cerebral cortexemotions. |
| even more info on James Lange Theory: | Fear & anxiety are different from happiness by subtle changes in heart rate acceleration. Different emotions are assoc w/different brain areas. Positive emotions are accompanied by an increase in electrical activity on the left side of the brain. |
| Problems of James Lange Theory: | Sensory info about bodily changes flows to the brain through the spinal cord. |
| More problems of James Lange Theory: | If bodily changes are the source of emotions, then people w/severe spinal cord injuries should experience fewer/less-intense emotions, not so according to research. |
| even more problems of james lange theory: | Most emotions are accompanied by similar physiological changes. Thus bodily changes don’t cause specific emotions & may not even be necessary for emotional experience. |
| Canon-Bard Theory: | : A theory of emotion, developed by physiologists Walter Cannon & Philip Bard. Dates back 70 years, It states that the experience of emotion occurs simultaneously(same time) w/biological changes. |
| Ex of Canon-Bard Theory: | Ex: If I see a bear, I feel afraid AND my heart races, neither of these comes before the other nor is one dependent on the other. |
| Cognitive Theory: | States that emotional exposure depends on one’s perception or judgment of the situation one is in. |
| Two Factor Theory of Emotion (AKA Schacter's two factor cognitive theory) | By Stanley Schacter & Jerome Singer. |
| ex on the two factor theory: | Ex: When I see a bear, there are bodily changes, but we then use info about the situation to tell us how to respond to those changes |
| info on the two factor theory | Only when we cognitively recognize that we are in danger, do we experience those bodily changes as fear |
| Carroll Izard: | Facial expression first determines emotion not physiological change, emotions are experienced reactions without use of cognition. 4 high interactive activates of emotion; neural, sensory motor, motivational, & cognitive. |
| Robert Zajonc: | Emotions come first before cognition. |
| Voice Quality: | Much of the info we convey isn’t continued in the words we use, but in the way those words are expressed |
| facial expressions: | They’re the most obvious emotional indicators. Many are innate, not learned. |
| info on facial expressions: | Children who are born blind & deaf use the same expressions as other children to express the same emotions |
| more info on facial expressions & an ex | Charles Darwin, first advanced the idea that most animals share a common pattern of muscular facial movements. For ex: dogs, tigers, & humans all bare their teeth in rage. |
| body language: | Another way we communicate message nonverbally. Slumping & straightness of the back supply cues about which emotion someone is feeling. |
| Personal space: | The distance that people maintain between themselves & others. |
| more info on personal space: | It depends on the nature of the activity & the emotions felt. If someone stands closer to you than is customary, it may indicate anger or affection; if further away than usual fear or dislike. |
| even more info on personal space: | The normal conversing distance between people varies from culture to culture. Two Swedes conversing would normally stand much farther apart than two arabs or Greeks. |
| Explicit Acts: | nonverbal clues to emotions. Ex: Slaming a door may tell us that the person who left the room is angry, slap on the back or hand shaking that is briefly or for a long time ( firmly or limply) tells us how they feel about you. |
| Arlie Hochschild: | Emotional labor, she did a study on flight attendants(majority were women). Many attendants felt they were being robbed of genuine emotional experiences on the job. |
| info on arlie hochschild: | • In this line of work, smiling is separated from Its usual function( expressing a personal feeling/& attached to another one)-expressing a company’s feeling. • Jobs high in emotional labor, are held by women (nurses, bank tellers, etc). |
| Universal Facial Expressions: | happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, fear, & disgust(Ekman) Display Rules: Culture-Specific rules that govern how, when, & why expressions of emotion are appropriate. Differ substantially from culture to culture |
| Emblems: | hand gestures, not universal |
| touch: | : appropriate amounts is not universal |
| gender & emotion: | Men inhibit their expression of emotions more (unmanly) but respond the same physiologically as women |
| info on gender & emtion: | •Different emotions in similar situations •Betrayal= anger in men & sadness in women •Anger=males express outward, females express inward |
| more info on gender & emotion: | •Inhibiting expression of emotions=greater health risks • Women are more skilled at decoding non-verbal cues than men |
| Instinct: | : Inborn, specific, inflexible, goal –directed behavior that’s characteristic of an entire species. Ex: motivates spiders to spin webs. • Instinct memory fell out of favor as an explanation of human behavior for 3 reasons. |
| reason 1 & 2 of instinct | 1. Most important human behavior is learned 2. Human behavior is rarely rigid, inflexible, unchanging, & found throughout the species, as is the case w/instincts. |
| reason 3 of instinct: | 3. Ascribing every conceivable human behavior to a corresponding instinct explains nothing (ex: calling a person to be alone an “anti-social instinct” for ex, merely names the behavior without pinpointing its origins. |
| Drive: | state of tension or arousal that motivates behavior. Ex: hunger/thirst |
| Drive-Reduction Theory: | motivated behavior is an attempt to reduce the unpleasant state of tension in the body & to return the body to homeostasis |
| Homeostasis: | State of balance, & stability in which the organism functions well. |
| Primary Drives: | An unlearned drive, such as hunger, that’s based on a physiological state |
| Info on Primary Drives: | Found in all animals & it motivates behavior that is vital to the survival of the individual or species. Primary drives include sex, hunger, & thirst. |
| secondary drives: | Humans in particular are motivated by this, it’s a learned drive such as ambition, it’s not based on a physiological state. Ex: good grades in school, successful careers. |
| Arousal Theory: | : Theory of motivation that proposes organisms to seek an optimal level of arousal, that varies from one situation to another & over the course of the day. |
| info on arousal theory: | • According to this theory, behavior is motivated by the desire to maintain the optimum level of arousal for a given moment. |
| more info on arousal theory: | • Sometimes behavior is motivated by a desire to reduce the state of arousal. Ex:If I’m sleepy, I will turn off the t.v./light. Other times behavior is motivated by a desire to reduce the state of arousal. |
| even more info on arousal theory: | • Other times behavior appears to be motivated by a desire to increase the state of arousal. For ex: when you are bored, you may go for a run. |
| and even more info on arousal theory: | • An individuals arousal level affects how well he/she performs in different situations. • There is no one answer to what is the best level of arousal is necessary to perform all tasks. |
| The Yerkes-Dodson Law: | The more complex the task, the lower the level of arousal that can be tolerated without interfering with performance. |
| info on the Yerkes-Dodson Law: | •Thus, higher levels of arousal are optimal when one is required to perform simple tasks, & relatively lower levels of arousal are best when performing complex tasks. |
| Sensation seeking: | A basic motivation, at last some aspects of which are inherited. In general, high-sensation seekers(HSS), compared to low-sensation seekers(LSS) are more likely to; |
| info on sensation seeking: | •Prefer dangerous sports like skydiving, bungee jumping, & mtn climbing. • Choose vocations that involve risk/excitement like firefighting, rescue work, or a career in emergency medicine |
| more info on sensation seeking | •Smoke, drink heavily, & use illicit drugs. •Engage in unsafe driving( HSS more likely to fall asleep at the when than LSS on a monotonous straight highway. |
| even more info on sensation seeking | •Have sex w/more people •Be classified in school as a delinquent or hyperactive( though not more aggressive). |
| Incentives: | : external stimulus that prompts goal-directed behavior. We don’t need to be aware of incentives for them to affect our behavior |
| more info on incentives: | • A person for ex, may buy something without being aware that the purchase was triggered by an advertisement in the paper. • Or we may enter a restaurant without being aware that the aroma of food from the restaurant caused us to do so. |
| Intrinsic Motivation: | A desire to perform a behavior that stems from the behavior performed. Ex: kids play for no other reason that the fun they get from the activity. |
| Extrinsic motivation: | : A desire to perform a behavior to obtain an external reward or to avoid punishment. |
| info on Extrinsic motivation | • Ex: an adult who hates golf, will play a round w/a client bc doing so may help close a sale. |
| Intrinsic/Extrinsic motivation ex consequences | : if parents offer a reward to their young daughter for writing to her grandparents, the likelihood of her writing to them when rewards aren’t given will decrease. |
| intrinsic/extinsic motivation info consequences | • An analysis of 128 studies that examined the effect of extrinsic rewards are offered for a behavior, intrinsic motivation, a sense of personal responsibility for that behavior are likely to decrease, at least for a short time. |
| intrinsic/extinsic motivation info consequences | • However, unexpected rewards don’t necessarily reduce intrinsic motivation, & positive feedback( including praise) may actually increase intrinsic motivation. |
| hunger: | : If I’m hungry, I eat. If I don’t eat the need for food will increase, but hunger will come and go. |
| info on hunger: | • You are hungriest around meal time & less at other times. • The hypothalamus is involved in hunger & eating. • Researchers ID two regions in the hypothalamus as containing our experience of hunger & satiety( being full to satisfaction) |
| Lateral Hypothalamus: | A center known as the feeding center. When stimulated animals eat, but when destroyed, the animals stop eating to the point of starvation.(hunger) |
| Ventromedial Hypothalamus (nucleus): | Thought to be the satiety center bc when stimulated animals stop eating, but when destroyed animals eat to the point of extreme obesity. Hypothalamus is like a “switch” in terms of eating. |
| Paraventricular hypothalamus (nucleus): | 3rd center, it influences the drive to eat specific foods. |
| brain info | Regions of the cerebral cortex & spinal cord play an important role in regulating food intake. Brain monitors blood levels of glucose, fats, carbohydrates, & insulin. Changes in blood levels of these substances signal the need for food. |
| Leptin: | : a hormone that influences our desire to eat. |
| info on leptin: | •Fat cells produce leptin which then travels in the bloodstream & sensed by the hypothalamus. • High levels of leptin signal the brain to reduce appetite/increase the rate fat is burned • Involved in human response to hunger. |
| Anorexia Nervosa: | Serious eating disorder that is associated w/an intense fear of weiFollowing are 4 symptoms used in the diagnosis of ANght gain & a distorted body image. |
| Anorexia Nervosa 1 & 2 | 1.Fear of becoming obese, doesn’t diminish as weight loss progresses 2. Disturbance of body image ( claiming to feel fat when really skinny) |
| Anorexia Nervosa 3 & 4 | 3.Refusal to maintain a body weight or above a minimal normal weight for age & height. 4. In females, the absence of at least 3 consecutive periods |
| Bulimia Nervosa | An eating disorder characterized by binges of eating followed by self induced vomiting. Following 5 criteria used to diagnose BN |
| Bulimia Nervosa 1 & 2 | 1.Recurrent episodes of binge eating (rapid consumption of a large amount of food in less than 2 hrs) 2.Recurrent inappropriate behaviors to try to prevent weight gain, such as self-induced vomiting. |
| Bulimia Nervosa 3&4 | 3.Binge eating & behaviors occur at least twice a week for 3 months 4. Body shape & weight excessively influence the person’s self image |
| Bulimia Nervosa 5, then a statistic | 5.The inappropriate behaviors and binge eating occur at least sometimes in the absence of anorexia. • 1 to 2% of all females suffer from this |
| Obesity: | : Most pressing health problem in US today. It has increased by more than 50 % during last decade, w/more than 2/3 of Americans either overweight or obese |
| info on obesity: | Rate of obesity over young people has tripled since 1980, w/ over 9 million overweight adolescents in U.S. today. |
| Testosterone: | The primary male sex hormone |
| Sex: | Primary drive that motivates reproductive behavior. |
| info on Sex: | • Can be turned on & off by biological conditions in the body & by environmental cues. • Hunger & thirst is vital to the survival of the individual |
| more info on sex: | • Sex is vital to survival of species • Brain influences sex drive in the limbic system. • External stimuli have an affect on sex drive |
| external stimuli that arouses people | • Ex: smell of perfume or cologne, soft lights & music, social experiences, age, nutrition, emotions also trigger arousal. • Men aroused by visual cues, women by touch. |
| Pheromes: | Substances in the sweat glands (armpits/genitals) of human, that promotes sexual excitement. |
| sexual response cycle: | 4 phases of SRC: Excitement, plateau, orgasm, & resolution. |
| excitement: | something that arouses a feeling |
| Plateau: | Extends to the brink of orgasm, comes after excitement |
| Orgasm: | It is the shortest of the phases and generally lasts only a few seconds, comes after plateau |
| Resolution: | During this phase, the body slowly returns to its normal level of functioning, and swelled and erect body parts return to their previous size and color, comes after orgasm |
| Thirst: | Stimulated by internal/external cues. Controlled by two regulators that interact & complement each other. |
| Stimulus Motives: | Unlearned motive that includes curiosity exploration, manipulation, & contact, it prompts us to explore or change the world around us |
| Aggression: | Behavior that is aimed at doing harm to others, also the motive to behave aggressively |
| info on Aggression: | • Intent is a key element to this. Frustration plays a role in this • Some seek help & support from frustration, others withdraw from the source of frustration & some choose to escape to drugs & alcohol. |
| more info on agression: | • Frustration generates aggression only inpeople who have learned to be aggressive as a means of coping w/unpleasant situations. |
| Achievement Motives: | The need to excel, to overcome obstacles. |
| Work & Family Orientation(WOFO): | Scale to study achievement motivation. 3 aspects of achievement oriented behavior. |
| Info on WOFO: | • Work orientation, desire to work hard & do a good job • Mastery, the preference for difficult or challenging feats w/an emphasis on improving one’s past performance |
| Even more info on WOFO: | • Competitiveness, the enjoyment of pitting one’s skills against those of other people |
| Affiliation Motive: | : the need to be with others. Fear & anxiety are tied to this. |
| Abraham Maslow: | Hierarchy of needs order top to down Self-actualization needs, esteem needs, belongingness needs, safety needs, physiological needs. |
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