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Lecture 12 ch 9
biological perspective on personality
Question | Answer |
---|---|
3 types of biological perspectives on personality | evolution, genetic, bio-chemical |
the key to evolution | natural selection |
natural selection | process by which nature selects those characteristics in organisms that promote survival |
evolutionary psychology | explains origins of psychological mechanisms and behavioral patterns. individual differences are a result of interactions with the environment;all psychological processes come from evolution.Behavioral manifest have to do with reproductive advantage (gd) |
parental investment theory | sex that invests more in offspring should be far more choosy about potential mates than the sex that invest less in offspring. |
criteria of parental investment theory | 1. females invest more in offspring than males (pregnancy and weaning) 2. because females have more of an investment they will be more careful in choosing their mates |
intrasexual competition | winning contents between members of one sex (fighting for mate) |
young male syndrome | has evolutionary roots and manifests by posturing, risking behavior or violence in response to sexual selection pressure, is elicited by specific situations, there is evidence. |
mate selection | females want the best available male because of their investment (resources). |
females attract males with... | fertility, youth, beauty, fitness |
males attract women with... | wealth, power,status, dominance |
resulting reproductive issues | 1. male retention 2. infidelity 3.mate selection 4. intrasexual competition |
jealousy according to evolutionary theory | females is family support males is paternity |
jealousy results from | females is emotional bonds males is sexual infidelity |
evolutionary personality psychology | individual differences.human nature is flexible |
evolutionary reasons for individual differences | 1. diversity is necessary for viability. 2. behavioral patterns evolved as reactions to particular environmental experiences. 3. some behaviors may be freq dependent 4. several possible behavioral strategies may have evolved. |
personality trait | pattern of behavior relevant to more than one situation.(survival mechanisms) |
extraversion (social skills, assertion) | social rank, cooperation, meeting and mating |
emotional stability (anxiety, worry, moodiness, self-approval) | resilience to stress, adaptability, resourcefulness |
agreeableness (empathy, generosity, orderliness) | intimacy/mating, altrusion |
conscientiousness (will, no impulsity,responsibility, orderliness) | work, trust, dependability |
openness (curiosity, creativity, flexibility) | learning, exploration, versatility |
inheritance | personality is genetically determined; human behavior is the product of a complex biological organism. underlying genetics and biology influence processes in personality. |
behavioral genetic approach | studies genetic determinants of individual difference; explain how individual differences in behavior are passes from parent to child and shared by biological relatives. |
heritability | is the proportion of phenotype variance that can be accounted for by genetic differences among individuals |
genotype | trait that lies in the genetics |
phenotype | observable trait of a person (visual). |
3 sources of variance of behavior genetics | 1.genetic influences 2.shared environmental influences 3.non-shared environmental influences |
2 types of environment | 1. shared 2. unshared environment |
shared environment | parents, siblings, home environment |
unshared environment | peers, friends, social groups, etc |
key methodology of behavioral genetics | twin studies, main assumption is shared environment |
logic behind twin studies | similarities come from genes, differences come from unshared environment. |
monozygotic pairs | genetically identical |
dizygotic pairs | not identical |
heritability formula | MZ-DZ=X*2 |
factors of personality stability | genetic factors and environmental factors. |