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Social Psychology
Chapters 11-13
| Term/Question | Definition/Answer |
|---|---|
| prosocial behavior | any act performed with the goal of benefiting another person |
| altruism | the desire to help another person even if it involves a cost to the helper |
| kin selection | the idea that behaviors that help a genetic relative are favored by natural selection |
| norm of reciprocity | the expectation that helping others will increase the likelihood that they will help us in the future |
| empathy | the ability to put oneself in the shoes of another person and to experience events and emotions the way that person experiences them |
| Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis | the idea that when we feel attempt to help that person purely for altruistic reasons, regardless of what we have to gain |
| Altruistic Personality | the qualities that cause an individual to help others in a wide variety of situations |
| In-group | the group with which an individual identifies as a member |
| Urban overload hypothesis | the theory that people living in cities are constantly being bombarded with stimulation and that they keep themselves to avoid being overwhelmed by it |
| Pluralistic Ignorance | the case in which people think that everyone else is interpreting a situation in a certain way, when in fact they are not |
| diffusion of responsibility | the phenomenon whereby each bystander's sense of responsibility to help decrease as the number of witnesses increases |
| Aggression | intentional behavior aimed at doing harm or causing pain to another person |
| hostile aggression | aggression stemming from feelings of anger and aimed at inflicting pain |
| instrumental aggression | aggression as a means to some goal other than causing pain |
| Eros | the instinct toward life, posited by Freud |
| Thanatos | according to Freud, an instinctual drive toward death, leading to aggressive actions |
| amygdala | an area in the core of the brain that is associated with aggressive behaviors |
| serotonin | a chemical in the brain that may inhibit aggressive impulses |
| testosterone | a hormone associated with aggression |
| Frustration-Aggression Theory | the idea that frustration increases the probability of an aggressive response |
| aggressive stimulus | an object that is associated with aggressive responses and whose mere presence can increase the probability of aggression |
| social learning theory | the idea that we learn social behavior by observing others an imitating them |
| scripts | ways if behaving socially that we learn implicitly from our culture |
| catharsis | the notion that "blowing off steam" by performing an aggressive act, watching others engage in aggressive behaviors, or engaging in a fantasy of aggression, relieves built-up aggressive energies and hence reduces the liklihood of further aggression |
| prejudice | a hostile or negative attitude toward a distinguishable group of people, based solely on their membership in that group |
| stereotype | a generalization about a group of people in which certain traits are assigned to virtually all members of the group |
| discrimination | unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because of his or her membership in that group |
| out-group homogeneity | the perception that individuals in the out group are more similar to ear other than they really are |
| illusory correlation | the tendency to see relationships between events that are actually unrelated |
| Ultimate attribution error | the tendency to make dispositional attributions about an entire group of people |
| stereotype threat | the apprehension experienced by members of a group that their behavior might confirm a cultural stereotype |
| blaming the victim | the tendency to blame individuals for their victimization |
| Self-fulfilling prophecy | the case whereby people 1) have an expectation about what another person is like which 2) influences how they act toward that person, which 3) causes that person to behave in a way consistent with people's original expectations |
| Realistic Conflict Theory | the idea that limited resources lead to conflict between groups and result in increases prejudice and discrimination |
| scapegoating | the tendency for individuals, when frustrated or unhappy, to displace aggression onto groups that are disliked, visible, and relatively powerless |
| institutionalized racism | racist attitudes that are held by the vast majority of people living in a society where stereotypes and discrimination are the norm |
| institutionalized sexism | sexist attitudes that are held by the vast majority of people living in society where stereotypes and discrimination are the norm |
| normative conformity | the tendency to go along with the group in order to fulfill the group's expectations and gain acceptance |
| modern racism | outwardly acting unprejudiced while inwardly maintaining prejudiced attitudes |
| mutual interdependence | the situation that exists when two or more groups need each other to accomplish a goal that is important to each of them |
| jigsaw classroom | a classroom setting designed to reduce prejudice and raise the self-esteem of children by placing them in small, desegregated groups and making each child dependent on the others |
| Which of the following is not a way that evolutionary theory explains prosocial behavior? | Social exchange |
| Amy is walking across campus and sees someone on her hands and knees looking for a ring that slipped off her finger. Which of the following is false, according to empathy-altruism hypothesis? | feels empathy toward the person, but she doesn't think she has much to gain by helping, so she decides not to help the person look for the ring. |
| Which of the following is not a reason that being in a good mood tends to increase prosocial behavior? | Good moods make us pay more attention to social norms, so we will be more aware of the altruism norm. |
| Frank has recently graduated from college and moves from New York City back to the small town in Connecticut where he was born. He now finds that he is much more inclined to engage in prosocial behavior. What is the most likely reason for this change? | The change in his immediate surroundings changed his likelihood of helping. |
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kpasko
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