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AP PSYCH
Ch 6 notes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Memory? | The ability to remember the things that we have experienced, imagined, & learned retention & retrieval of info used for understanding past, present, & future. Has 3 operations; encoding, storage, & retrieval. |
| Who is Herman EbbingHaus? | He pioneered memory, and the learning curve. He composed lists of “nonsense syllables”, meaningless combinations of letters such as wol, teb, & pib. |
| What is information-processing model? | A computer like model used to describe the way humans encode, store, & retrieve info. |
| What are sensory registers? | • Entry points for raw info from the senses. • Registers are like a waiting room; the info enters & stays for a short period of time. |
| What is Attention? | The selection of some incoming info for further processing. |
| What is masking? | New visual info comes into the register & it replaces the old info. Visual info is typically erased in about a ¼ of a second. |
| What is auditory info? | Fades more slowly than visual info. The echo lasts for several seconds. |
| What is an icon/echo? | visual image . Echo: similar to an icon.stored sounds in sensory registers, lasts for several seconds(3-10) |
| What is Sensory Memory? | storage of info from senses for a short period of time |
| What does attention determine? | what is remembered? |
| What is Broadbent's filtering process? | by donald broadbent. allows only stimuli that meets certain requirements to pass through, once through, we compare that info to info we already know=meaning it goes through or it doesn’t. |
| What is the Cocktail-Party Phenomenon? | Colin Cherry a in 1953.The ability(or difficulty) of focusing my attention on a single auditory source in a jumble of noises. |
| What is the Treisman attenuation model?who created it? | That filter is not an “on or off switch”, we process everything at different levels. Created by Anne Treisman |
| What is encoding? | coding info to put into memory. In LTM words are encoded for meaning. We code phonologically, by sound based on speech. |
| What is storage? | find schemas that match & putting it into memory.(retain info). Rote rehersal and capacity occur here |
| What is rote rehersal? | repeat info over and over to learn, simple repetition not effective. Process makes learning more effective. |
| What is capacity? | what can we rehearse in 1.5-2 seconds, approx 7 terms plus or minus two . |
| What is retrieval? | taking info from storage & using it. (STM). Memory is scanning looking for necessary info. ESP and SPE occur here |
| What is Exhaustive serial processing(ESP)? | look for an item, check against all items even if found partway through the search. I need to exhaust all options before I retrieve it. |
| What is Serial Positioning effect(SPE)? | remember best determined by position in the list. Primary effect : 1st items are remembered best, are put into LTM Recency effect : last items are remembered best on list, only stored in STM. |
| What are sensory registers?1/3 memory stores | unlimited capacity , but info fads away very quickly. They are “waiting rooms” for info |
| What is Short Term Memory(STM)? 2/3 memory stores | modest capacity, up to 20 sec, stores for a # of sec. “Attending to”. Working memory what we are aware of at any given time. |
| What is Long-Term Memory?(LTM) 3/3 memory stores | greater capacity, stores for a long time, perhaps forever. |
| What is the total-time hypothesis? | storage of info depends on total time spent studying |
| What is distributed learning? | learning spaced over several sessions is effective |
| What is mass learning? | learning crammed together, not effective. |
| What is Short Term Memory(STM)? | working memory; briefly stores & processes selected information from the sensory registers. It is AKA primary memory by William James. • Has two tasks: to store new info briefly • And to work on that info |
| What is chunking? | the grouping of info into meaningful units for easier handling by STM. |
| phonologically | according to how it sounds not all STM is stored. Some is stored in visual form, other is based on meaning. |
| What is rote-rehearsal? | retaining info in memory simply by repeating it over and over. AKA maintenance rehearsal. Not effective |
| What is Long Term Memory(LTM)? | the portion of memory that is more or less permanent corresponds to everything we "know" |
| What is the Serial-positioning effect? | Serial-Position effect: The finding that when asked to recall a list of unrelated items, performance is better for the items at the beginning & end of the list. Primary & Recency Effect. |
| What is the primary effect? | remember items I heard first |
| What is the recency effect? | remember what I hear most recently |
| What is the Elaborative Rehearsal? | the Linking of new info in STM to familiar material stored in LTM. |
| What is the Schema(plural;schemata)? | a set of beliefs or expectations about something that is based on past experience. Memory is based on this. This is why stereotypes exist. |
| Elaborative vs. Rote Rehearsal.... | elaborative is effective, rote is not in the long term |
| What is Episodic Memory? | type of LTMStores personally expressed events. Not facts, “lets go back in time”. Found in the frontal & temporal lobes stores PERSONAL memories. |
| What is Semantic Memories? | type of LTM, Stores general world knowledge (facts & info,) (like a dictionary). Ex: inventor of the light bulb, value of 2X7. |
| What are Procedural Memories? | Stores info relating to skills, habits, & other perceptual motor tasks. They ARE the skills/habits. Deals with HOW TO do a memory. Ex: how to swim/ride a bike. Found in the Cerebellum and in the Motor Cortex (preconscious/ sub conscious) type of LTM |
| What is Emotional Memory? | Learned emotional responses to various stimuli. Amygdala. type of LTM |
| What is Declarative Memory? | type of LTM, I can verbally declare a memory that I know, not all memories are like this obviously. |
| What are procedural & emotional memories have in common? | Both, I know a memory but can’t recall it. If someone asked me to recall a memory I would just say “I know”…or something like that |
| What is Recall Memory? | remembering a fact/or a word…short answer, have to come up with it. type of LTM |
| What is Recognition memory? | type of LTM recognizes the correct fact/word= much better than recall memory(multiple choice, or looking at a list) |
| What is explicit memory? | Memory for info that we can readily express in words & are aware of having; these memories can be intentionally retrieved from memory (semantic & episodic)(Consciously) We try to recall/recognize info.type of LTM |
| What is Implicit Memory? | Memory for info that we can’t readily express in words & may not be aware of having; these memories can’t be intentionally retrieved from memory(procedural & emotional) Unconsciously, we don’t intend to store/recall it. type of LTM |
| What is capacity? | don’t know could be infinite |
| What is Priming? | knowing the distinction between explicit & implicit memory. Amnesia patients do well w/priming tasks just like non amnesia people |
| What is the Tip of the tongue phenomenon? | knowing a word but not being able to immediately recall it. Best way to recall a blocked word is to stop training to recall it, bc if you try to recall it the worse the TOT state gets. |
| What is Long term potentiation? | A long lasting change of neural transmission, & is thought to be related to how info is stored by neurons. Epinephrine & Cortisol affects Long Term Retention. Hippocampus & Amygdala are critical for memory formation. |
| what is decay theory? | forget over passage of time. Ex: know a kid from elementary, 20 years later, forgot who he was. |
| what is proactive interference?PION | old info interferes with new info(memory). Ex: jimmy my old friend looks similar to Craig my new friend. (PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE OLD NEW,….PION) |
| What is Retroactive interference?RION | RETROACTIVE INTERFERENCE NEW OLD….RINO. New info interferes with old info. Everyday occurrence. |
| Acetychloline | Lower levels of neurotransmitters such as Acetylcholine causes forgetting, common in Alzheimer’s sufferers. |
| What is a situational dependent? | doing better with memory according to the situation .Ex: we study in school on math, I will do better in math in school now. |
| What is state dependent aka cue dependent memory? | Learning that takes place in one situation or "state" is generally better remembered later in a similar situation or state. This can include: environmental context, physical and emotional state, and sensory modality. |
| What is retrograde amnesia? | Type of Amnesia, inability to recall events right before an accident/injury, but without loss of earlier memory . Head injury for ex, don’t remember. |
| Anterograde Amnesia? | another type of Amnesia, forget memories after accident/injury. |
| similar situation | where info was stored helps remember things. Ex: victim is taken back to scene of the crime to help remember. Or sensory experiences such as sight and smell can evoke implicit memories, moods can as well. |
| The Reconstructive process | • We rewrite materials stored in LTM • Alter when I retell stories, often unintentionally Criticism of eye witness testimony |
| What are Schemas? | set of beliefs or expectations about something based on past experiences. It’s an attitude about a concept |
| What are mnemonics? | techniques that make material easier to remember |
| What is a Mnemonist? | someone with highly developed memory skills RINO, PION, Decay Theory, Retrograde Amnesia, state dependent forgetting, Anterograde amnesia, |
| What is a Autobiographical memory? | recollection of events that happened in our lives & when these events took place. It’s a form of Episodic memory. In general most recent life events are easier to recall than earlier ones, unless your over 50 then it might be opposite. |
| What is Infinite Amnesia?AKA Childhood amnesia | The difficulty adults have of remembering experiences from first 2 years of life. Earliest memories are from 3-4 years. |
| What is Eidetic Memory? | the ability to reproduce unusually sharp & detailed images of something one has seen. “photographic memory”, person sees future of an image in minute detail. Ex: to recite an entire pg of a book they read only once. |
| Who is Alexander Luria? | Psych for over 20 years he studied a Russian newspaper reporter named Shereshevski(S), “S” could recall trivia, detailed math formulas, complex arrays of numbers he could recall lists up to 70 words/or numbers after hearing or seeing them only once. |
| What is a Flashbulb memory? | a vivid memory of a certain event & incidents surrounding it even after a long time has passed. |
| Who is Frederic Bartlett? | cow herders form a Swazi tribe could recite the selling of the cattle with no error. Memory performance was not exceptional when stripped of its cultural significance. |
| What are Recovered Memories? | highly controversial, people traumatic event, lose all memories related to it, then later recall it. bc people can be “induced” to “remember” events that never happened. no way to distinguish real recovered memories from false ones. |
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