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AP PSYCH
CH5 notes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is learning? | Process by which experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in behavior or potential behavior. Ex: academic learning, turning of a light in a rm, or dancing, etc |
| What is conditioning? | basic form of learning, used for animals & humans, it’s the acquisition of specific patterns of behaviors in the presence of well defined stimuli. |
| What is classical conditioning? | types of learning a responseby one stimulus to be elicited by a neutral stimulus by Ivan Pavlov, pair involuntary response (ex:salivation), that’s evolved by one stimulus with a different formerly neutral stimulus such (as a bell or touch of the leg) |
| What did Ivan Pavlov discover? | classical conditioning |
| What are the 4 elements of classical conditioning? | Unconditioned Stimulus (US), unconditioned response(UR), Conditioned Stimulus(CS), & Conditioned Response (CR) |
| element 1:What is the Unconditioned Stimulus(US)? | stimulus invariably causes an organism to respond in a specific way, Ex: food causes salvation |
| element 2: What is the Unconditioned Response (UR)? | response that takes place in an organism whenever an unconditioned stimulus occurs, EX: the salivating when given food(US) |
| element 3: What is the Conditioned Stimulus (CS)? | an originally neutral stimulus that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus & eventually produces the desired response in an organism when presented alone. |
| element 4: What is the Conditioned Response? | After conditioning: the response an organism produces when only a conditioned stimulus is presented. When CS & US are paired frequently = CR |
| What is Desensitization Therapy? | A conditioning technique to gradually reduce anxiety about a particular object or situation. Person learns to associate relaxation w/a stimulus that causes unnecessary or irrational fear or anxiety |
| What is orienting reflex? | responses prompted by a sudden change in environment. Ex: babies look in direction of noise |
| What is Habituation? | Unconsciously tuning out familiar stimuli |
| What is instinct? | complex preprogrammed behavior ( salmon swim upstream to spawn) |
| What is imprinting? | forming an attachment to the first moving object near them(only in animals) |
| what is stimulus,response, condition, and un? | Stimulus: trigger(S) Response: reaction(R) Condition: train (C) “un”=not (U) |
| how does Classical Conditioning w/immune system work? | immune depressing drugs are unconditioned stimuli (US) & are paired w/conditioned stimuli (CS) such as taste or smell. After pairing these two for a while the CS will suppress the immune system, it’s beneficial bc it doesn’t show any side effects. |
| What is Conditioned food(or taste)aversion? | Conditioned avoidance of certain foods even if there is only one pair of conditioned stimuli. |
| facts about taste aversions | learned association btwn taste of a certain food & nausea & revulsion. Can after 1 bad experience For a rat the interval between eating food & falling ill can be up to 12 hrs. Rapid learning of taste illness combos increase the animals survival rate |
| Cancer patients and taste aversions | humans develop food aversions on a variety of cues including taste, appearance, & smell. |
| Why do cancer patients develop strong taste aversions? | • Due to nausea caused by chemotherapy drugs patients develop strong taste aversions for food eaten before/after injections of the chemotherapy • Even though the patient knows the food didn’t cause the nausea. |
| What are human phobias? | irrational fears of specific things. Person develops fear after being associated w/a frightening stimulus. Ex: Watson & little Albert, “Flight or fight” kicks in to the person when associated. |
| what are 2 ways to relieve fears? | Mary Cover Jones( she used classical conditioning w/candy). And Desensitization Therapy: learning to relax in the midst of fears Joseph Wolpe. |
| How does Desensitization therapy relieve fears? | deep muscle relaxation techniques • Pairs techniques with fears • Eventually relax in midst of fear |
| Does CS always come first? | Yes, ALWAYS comes first before the US or the Classical Conditioning won’t work. The CS has to come a few seconds prior to the US. |
| What is Lupus? | an auto immune disorder that destroys the immune system, healthy organs, & tissue. |
| What is a good treatment for lupus? | pair a CS (taste or smell that is made in a lab) w/the drug (US). Eventually the CS will suppress the immune system (CR). |
| Timing for Lupus Treatment: | most effective when there is just a few seconds between the CS & the US. Delays conditioning when there is a long span between onset of CS & onset of US. Works but not as effective. |
| What is simultaneous conditoning? | CS & US are presented at the same time= ineffective |
| What is Operant Behavior? | behavior designed to operate on the environment in a way that will gain something desired or to avoid something unpleasant operant or instrumental . They are not automatic reflexes caused by biologically important stimuli. |
| What is Operant or Instrumental Conditioning? | type of learning in which behaviors are emitted( in presence of specific stimuli.) to earn rewards or avoid punishments. |
| What is a reinforcer? | 2. Consequence follows behavior( such as freedom), this type of stimulus increases the likelihood of operant behavior being repeated |
| What is a punisher? | a stimulus that follows a behavior & decreases the likelihood that that specific behavior will be repeated. |
| What is the Law of Effect? | AKA principle of reinforcement, behavior that brings a satisfying effect (reinforcement) will likely be performed again, whereas behavior that brings a negative effect( punishment) will likely be suppressed. |
| What is a positive reinforcer? | (PR): any event whose presence increases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur. |
| What is a Negative Reinforcer? | NR): any even whose reduction or termination increases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur. |
| What does Positive and Negative have in common? | result in the leaving of new behaviors or the strengthening of existing behaviors. Ex: child plays piano for praise (PR) or to escape hw= NR. End result = a higher incidence of piano playing |
| What is punishment? | any event where presence decreases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur. It weakens behavior. Should be consistent not more severe. |
| What is avoidance training? | Learning a desirable behavior to prevent the occurrence of something unpleasant such as punishment. |
| Operant conditioning is selective: | some behaviors are easier to train than others, learning is less likely for any behavior that an animal isn’t likely to perform naturally. |
| What is superstitious behavior? | whenever something we do is followed closely by a reinforcer we will tend to repeat the action, even if the reinforcement is not produced directly by what we have done |
| What is learned helplessness? | Failure to take steps to avoid or escape from an unpleasant or averse stimulant that occurs as a result of previous exposure to unavoidable painful stimuli. |
| What is biofeedback? | When operant conditioning is used to control certain biological functions such as bp, skin temp, & hr. |
| What is neurofeedback? | a biofeedback technique that monitors brain waves using an EEG to teach people to gain voluntary control over their brain wave activity. |
| What does Bio&Neurofeedback have in common? | both used to tract many medical problems including migraines, hypertension, asthma, irritable bowel conditions, & peptic ulcers. |
| What is Response acquisition/trial? | the “building phase” of conditioning during which the likelihood or strength of the desired response increases. In classical conditioning, each pairing of the CS & US is called a trial. |
| What is intermittent pairing? | Pairing the CS & the US on only some of the learning trials & presenting them separately on other trials is this. A procedure that reduces both the rate of learning & the final level of learning achieved. |
| What is Operant Conditioning(OC)? | Behavior we want to teach is usually voluntary & is not inevitably triggered by outside events. |
| What is shaping? | To reinforce successive approximations to the desired behavior, |
| What is the Skinner Box? | named after B.F. Skinner who pioneered the OC. Used in OC on animals, which limits the available response & thus increases the likelihood that the desired response will occur. |
| What is Extinction? | Decrease in the strength or frequency of a learned response bc of failure to continue pairing the CS & US or withholding of reinforcement(OC). |
| What is Spontaneous Recovery? | The reappearance of an extinguished response after the passage of time. |
| What are two things that occur in the OC? | Spontaneous recovery and extinction |
| What is the Renewal Effect? | One way we overcome interference. |
| What is Stimulus Generalization? | Transfer of a learned Ex: Little Albert learned to fear white furry rats, & not only that but it generalized to all kinds of white furry objects such as cotton balls, a fur coat, & even a Santa Clause mask. response to different but similar stimuli. |
| What is Stimulus Discrimination? | Learning to respond to only one stimulus & to inhibit the response to all other stimuli. |
| What is response Generalization? | Doesn’t occur in classical conditioning, occurs in OC, giving a response that is different from the response originally learned to that stimulus. |
| What is Higher-Order Conditioning? | Conditioning based on previous learning |
| What are previous reinforcers? | A reinforcer that’s rewarding in itself, such as food, water, & sex |
| What are secondary reinforcers? | A reinforcer where learning is required, the value is acquired through association w/other primary or secondary reinforcers. |
| What is Contingency? | A reliable “if –then”statement, relationship between two events such as a CS & a US. |
| What is blocking? | Process whereby prior conditioning prevents conditioning(learning) to a second stimulus even when the two stimuli are presented simultaneously. Older learning prevents new learning. |
| What is schedule of Reinforcement? | in OC, whenever partial reinforcement is given, SOR determines when & how often reinforcers will be delivered. |
| What is Partal Reinforcement? | when an individual is rewarded on some, but not all trials. Ex: gambling |
| What is Fixed-Interval scheduleing? | A reinforcement schedule in which the correct response is reinforced after a fixed length of time, since last reinforcement. |
| What is Variable-Interval Scheduleing? | a reinforcement schedule in which the correct response, is reinforced after varying lengths of time following the last reinforcement. |
| What is fixed-ratio schedule? | a reinforcement schedule in which correct response is reinforced after a fixed number of correct responses. After this schedule a brief pause after reinforcement is followed by a rapid & steady response rate until next reinforcement. |
| What is Variable-ratio schedule? | a reinforcement schedule in which a varying number of correct responses must occur before reinforcement is presented. |
| What is continuous reinforcement? | Reinforcement every time the response is made. 1-1 |
| What is cognitive learning?Who pioneered it? | learning that depends on mental processes that are not directly observable. Edward Chace Tolman a pioneer of cognitive learning. His experiment was a rat maze, and it was very famous. He supports behaviorism. |
| What is Latent Learning? | Learning that’s not immediately reflected in a behavior change. Ex: social learning |
| What is a Cognitive Map? | A learned mental image of a spatial environment that may be called on to solve problems when stimuli in the environment change. |
| What is insight? | Learning that occurs rapidly as a result of understanding all the elements of a problem. “coming together” the epiphany. |
| Who pioneered insight? | German Gestalt Psychologist Wolfgang Kohler, did experiments on insight w/chimpanzees. |
| What is a learning set/who started this? | Harry Harlow, the ability to become more effective in solving problems as more problems are solved. Reduces creativity |
| What is the social learning theory/who started this? | A view of learning that emphasizes the ability to learn by observing a model or receiving instructions, without firsthand experience by the learner. Albert Bandura Bobo doll experiment is his study |
| What is observational or vicarious learning? | learning by observing other people’s behavior. Vicarious reinforcement & vicarious punishment: Reinforcement or punishment experienced by models that affect the willingness of others to perform the behaviors they learned by observing those models. |
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