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Psych 209 Exam 2
Chapter 3 and 4 test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Perception | Experiences resulting from the stimulation of the senses. |
| Bottom-Up Processing, Examples | Begins with the stimulation of the receptors. Ex. Used when one is proofreading and attends to details |
| Top-Down Processing, Examples | Depends upon a person’s prior knowledge and expectations. Ex. In general leads to reactions due to expectations and prior knowledge. Making a long jump. |
| Recognition-by-components Theory | If we can recover an objects geons, we can identify the object. Includes geons, componential recovery, view invariance. |
| Geons | Three-dimensional volumes which are the perceptual building blocks that combine to create objects |
| Componential Recovery | We are able to recognize an object if we are able to identify even just a few of its geons. |
| View Invariance | Geons can be identified when viewed from different angles |
| Size Constancy | The tendency to perceive an object as remaining the same size even when it is viewed from a distance |
| Speech Segmentation | The process of perceiving individual words within the continuous flow of the speech signal |
| Helmholtz’s Theory of Unconscious Inference | Some of our perceptions are the result of unconscious assumptions we make about our environment |
| Likelihood Principle | we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli that we received |
| The Gestalt Approach to Psychology | They developed some laws that suggest how elements in the environment are grouped together. They emphasize perceptual organization |
| Perceptual Organization | The way elements are grouped together to create larger objects |
| Law of Pragnanz (Good Figure or Law of Simplicity) | Every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible. |
| Law of Similarity | Similar things appear to be grouped together |
| Law of Familiarity | Things are more likely to form groups if the groups seem appear familiar or meaningful (Faces in the painting). This also explains speech segmentation as well. |
| Heuristics | Rules of thumb that provide the best-guess solution to a problem |
| Algorithm | A procedure that is guaranteed to solve a problem correctly provided the procedure is applied correctly. |
| The Oblique Effect | The ability to more readily perceive horizontal and verticals in the environment. |
| Steven Palmer’s (1975) Study | Steven Palmer presented participants with a context such as a kitchen and then flashed target pictures onto a screen. It was found that the participants were more readily able to correctly identify objects that fit the context that had been presented |
| Gauthier (1999) Experiment | The FFA showed more activity in response to Greebles. Her research also demonstrated that the FFA is not just responsive to faces, but is responsive to complex objects. |
| Striate Cortex (primary visual cortex) to Temporal Lobe (hearing) Pathway | The "What" pathway. Responsible for identifications of objects |
| Striate Cortex to Parietal Lobe Pathway | The "Where" pathway. Responsible for helping to determine where an object is located |
| Define Mirror Neurons and What They Respond To. | They are neurons in the premotor cortex that respond both when a person observes someone carrying out a task and when they carry out the task themselves. |
| Selective Attention | The focusing of attention on one specific location, object or message to the exclusion of others. (focusing on your conversation in a loud party) |
| Dichotic Listening Technique | Different messages are presented to each ear. Attend to one message while ignoring the message entering the “unattended” ear. |
| Shadowing | Repeating the attended message out loud (in dichotic listening technique) |
| Cocktail Party Effect | The ability of a person to selectively listen to one message among many and hear his or her name or some other distinctive message such as “Fire”. |
| The Stages of Broadbent’s Filter Model of Selective Attention | Sensory memory - Holds incoming information for sec and then transfer to next stage Filter - identifies the attended message based on its physical characteristics. Detector - Processes high level characteristics like meaning. Shortterm 15sec then longt |
| What does Broadbent’s filter model propose about how the filter identifies the attended message? | The message is initially attended to based on its physical characteristics such as tone of voice, accent, speed of speech, etc. |
| Gray and Wedderburn’s (1960) “Dear Aunt Jane” | Demonstrated that the information presented to the unattended ear is processed enough to provide the listener with some awareness of its meaning. |
| Triesman’s” Attenuation Model | The attended and unattended messages are identified, both messages are let through attenuator, but attended message emerges at full strength and unattended messages are attenuated. The message is analyzed by the dictionary unit: seperate into thresholds. |
| High vs. Low Threshold Words | High threshold words are uncommon and meaningful like "Fire" and "Bruce". Low threshold words are common and not meaningful like "boat" and "come". |
| Low-load vs High-load Tasks | Low-load - easy, or well practiced High-load - difficult or not well practiced, require more focus |
| Flanker Compatibility Task | Participants are told to carry out a task that requires them to focus their attention on specific stimuli and to ignore other stimuli. |
| What does it mean when a distractor influences reaction time? | The distractor was attended to. |
| Divided Attention | The distribution of attention among two or more tasks. Depends on practice and difficulty of the task |
| Schnieder and Shiffrin’s Experiment | Consistent mapping condition and varied mapping condition in a series of slides with distractors. |
| Consistent Mapping Condition | Targets and distractors were from different categories. Targets on one trial were not included as distractors on subsequent trials. |
| Varied Mapping Condition | Both the targets and the distractors were letters. If a letter was a target on one trial, it could also be included as a distractor on other trials. Automatic processing was never achieved. |
| Automatic Processing | Occurs (1) without intention and (2) at a cost of only some of the person’s cognitive resources. |
| Stroop Effect | Interference that occurs when participants are instructed to respond to one aspect of a stimulus and ignore another aspect. |
| Strayer and Johnston’s (2001) Experiment | Hands free phone use and cell phone use in cars are the same on the safety scale and attention scale. |
| Treisman’s Feature Integration Theory | PREATTENTIVE STAGE: Objects are analyzed into separate features outside our awareness. FOCUSED ATTENTION STAGE: The observer’s attention plays an important role in combining features to create the perception of whole objects. |
| Illusory Conjunctions. | A situation in which features from different objects are inappropriately combined. |
| The findings of Klin and co-workers research on autistic reactions to the film “Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf” | There is a tendency for autistic participants to focus on objects rather than on faces. |
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