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Chapter 11
Essentials of Psychology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) | Architect of the first major theory of personality, called psychoanalytic theory |
| Personality | The relatively stable constellation of psychological characteristics and behavioral patterns that account for our individuality and consistency over time |
| Psychoanalytic Theory | Freud's theory of personality that holds that personality and behavior are shaped by unconscious forces and conflicts |
| 3 Levels of Consciousness | The Conscious, the Preconscious, and the Unconscious |
| Conscious | To Freud, the part of the mind corresponding to the state of present awareness. |
| Preconscious | To Freud, the part of the mind whose contents can be brought into awareness through focused attention |
| Unconscious | To Freud, the part of the mind that lies outside the range of ordinary awareness and that holds troubling or unacceptable urges, impulses, memories and ideas. |
| The 3 Structures of Personality | Id, Ego, and Superego |
| Id | Freud's term for the psychic structure existing in the unconscious that contains our baser animal drives and instinctual impulses |
| Ego | Freud's term for the psychic structure that attempts to balance the instinctual demands of the id with social realities and expectations |
| Superego | Freud's term for the psychic structure that corresponds to an internal moral guardian or conscience |
| Pleasure Principle | In Freudian theory, a governing principle of the id that is based on demand for instant gratification without regard to social rules or customs |
| Reality Principle | In Freudian theory, a governing principle of the ego that takes into account what is practical and acceptable in satisfying basic needs |
| Name the 8 Major Defense Mechanisms in Psychodynamic Theory | Repression, Denial, Reaction Formation, Rationalization, Projection, Sublimation, Regression, and Displacement |
| Repression | a type of defense mechanism involving motivated forgetting of anxiety-evoking material |
| Denial | a defense mechanism involving the failure to recognize a threatening impulse or urge |
| Reaction Formation | a defense mechanism involving behavior that stands in opposition to one's true motives and desires so as to prevent conscious awareness of them |
| Rationalization | a defense mechanism involving the use of self-justification to explain away unacceptable behavior, impulses, or ideas |
| Projection | a defense mechanism involving the projection of one's own unacceptable impulses, wishes or urges onto another person |
| Sublimation | a defense mechanism involving the channeling of unacceptable impulses into socially sanctioned behaviors or interests |
| Regression | a defense mechanism in which an individual, usually under high levels of stress, reverts to a behavior characteristic of an earlier stage of development |
| Displacement | a defense mechanism in which an unacceptable sexual or aggressive impulse is transferred to an object or person that is safer or less threatening than the original object of the impulse |
| The 5 Stages of Personality Development | Oral (Birth to 12 to 18 months), Anal (18 months to 3 years), Phallic (3 to 6 years), Latency (6 years to puberty), Genital (puberty to adulthood) |
| Oral Stage | the first stage of psychosexual development, during which the infant seeks sexual gratification through oral stimulation (sucking, mouthing, and biting) |
| Anal Stage | the second stage of psychosexual development, during which sexual gratification is centered on processes of elimination (retention and release of bowel contents) |
| Phallic Stage | the third stage of psychosexual development, marked by erotic attention on the phallic region (penis in boys, clitoris in girls) and the development of the Oedipus Complex |
| Latency Stage | the fourth stage of psychosexual development, during which sexual impulses remain latent or dormant |
| Genital Stage | the fifth and final stage of psychosexual development, which begins around puberty and corresponds to the development of mature sexuality and emphasis on procreation |
| Anal-Retentive Personality | a personality type characterized by messiness, lack of self-discipline, and carelessness |
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