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AP PSYCH!
ch 1 notes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is psychology? | studies behavior & mental processes using scientific method as its foundation |
| What are fields of Psych? | subdivisions of psych that are concentrated areas of study |
| How many fields of psych are there?/what are the names? | 7,Developmental,neuroscience & physiological psych,experimental,personality,clinical,social,Industrial/Organizational psych, |
| what is Developmental psych? | study of human growth from the prenatal period through old age |
| what is neuroscience & physiological psych? | investigates the biological basis of human behavior |
| What is experimental psych? | branch of psych that conducts research & experimental methods to study psychological issues such as learning,memory,sensation,motivation, & emotion |
| What is personality psych? | studies the differences among individuals, including traits such as anxiety,sociability,self-esteem,& aggressiveness |
| What is clinical psych? | therapists that are interested in diagnosis,cause,& treatment of psychological disorders |
| What is social psych? | these people study how people influence one another via relationships with others,groups,and society as a whole. It includes their origins & their effects on the individual. |
| What is industrial/organizational psych? | (IO on ap test),found in businesses & large organizations...study practical issues like selecting & training staff...improving efficiency of workers,..etc |
| What is a Psychologist? | therapist with P.H.D. in psych,CAN'T prescribe medication |
| What is a PSYCHIATRIST? | therapist with M.D, ....CAN prescribe medication |
| How many psychological theories are there? | 7,Biological,Psychoanalytic,behaviorism,cognitive,humanism,sociocultural,evolutionary |
| What is the biological psych theory? | pre determined,through genetics,focus on the brain,& nervous system(spinal cord,etc)behavior & mental processes can be understood through the human anatomy/physiology |
| What is the psychoanalytic theory?,and who discovered this? | Sigmund Frued,he found that children(early childhood) have unconscious mental processes & desires such as ID,EGO,REPRESSION,etc. & that we push back the thoughts into the UNconscious(un=not)(hidden motives) |
| What is the behaviorism theory?& who discovered this? | That all behaviors are learned though actions, rewards,& consequences. John watson(little albert),desensitization,conditioning,& stimulus w/response Burrhus Fredric Skinner was known for operant conditioning via thorndikes laws of effect |
| What is the cognitive theory? | through many mental plans/reasoning all on thought..."cognition"=mental processes |
| What is the humanism theory?Who discovered this? | Emphasizes uniquness of each person through FREE CHOICE/FREE WILL,people set GOALS in life,Abraham Maslow through the hierarchy of needs(via self-actualization/image) |
| What is the sociocultural theory? | Through standing subgroups of the human race & how they affect behaviors differently/the way the environment affects me. |
| What is the evolutionary theory?Who discovered this? | "Survival of the Fittest"(Charles Darwin),cognition & behavior are needed for survival,it's an ADAPTIVE value. |
| How many research methods are there?List them | 5 main ones:Natualistic Observation,Case Study,Hawthorne Effect,survey,correlational,theory,hypothesis |
| What is naturalistic observation? | Study of behavior in a natural context & NOT in an IMPOSED one,spontaneous,hard not to impose,observer bias |
| What is a case study? | Intensive analysis of a single individual or small group, uses many methods such as: interviews,observation,test scores,can't draw general conclusions about human behavior,observer bias also |
| What is the Hawthorne Effect?Who discovered this? | Behavior will change if your being imposed on(watched/pressured),Elton Mayo & Fritz Roethlisberger |
| What is a survey?What is a downside to them? | Predetermined questions asked to a selected group of people:lots of subjects,low cost,simple data analysis(typically) are positives,downside: dishonesty and surveys aren't returned |
| What is a correlational research method?Whats good/bad about it? | Allows predictions,statistical measure on how two things vary together,doesn't show cause & effect,or tell why |
| What is a theory research method? | Explanation that organizes & predicts observable behaviors/thought,very broad |
| What is a hypothesis? | A specific testable prediction based on a theory |
| what is experimental research? | manipulates a variable while controlling others to show cause & effect,only method that shows cause & effect |
| What is a population? | Group that results apply too |
| What are subjects? | Those Studied |
| What is the independent variable? | The one manipulated or changed |
| What is the dependent variable? | The one measured,gives me data |
| What is a sample? | Group of subjects selected to represent the population |
| What is a random sample? | Each human of the population has equal chance for selection(allows for sameness) |
| What is a Representative sample? | the same,degree of resemblance to the population of interest |
| Define operational | defines variable in terms of measurement and procedure allows for it to be replicated by others |
| what is experimental group? | subject to change, volunteers that do a experimental procedure |
| What is a control group? | NOT subject to change, this groups abilities are cross checked with the experimental group |
| What is a placebo? | a chemically inactive substance, its a fake medicine used in scientific studies as the control |
| What is a double blind? | testing method in which neither patient nor doctor know what medication or procedure is being used. Helps prevent experimenter bias & taken into account is the placebo effect. Subjects are distributed using random assignment |
| what is a confounding/extraneuous variable? | variables that i would oversee in an experiment or study,other differences in the group that i can't control |
| Define confederate | an actor in an experiment |
| Who is Stanley Milgram?What did he do? | An american social psychologist from Yale,he created the shock generator experiment(on obedience)focusing on conflict between obedience to authority & personal conscience. Ordinary people will listen to authority even if it means killing someone |
| What were Stanley Milgrams conclusions? | 65% of the people went to the highest level of shock,all participants went to at least 300voltage |
| What is +psychology? | Doing good without recognition,altruisim(unselfish),leadership,traits that lead to societies flourishing |
| Define Structualism?Who discovered this? | Wundt & Tirchener,Wundt created 1st psych lab,the study of immediate experience(perception)through attention(wundt)or objective introspection(tirchener)ex:breaking atoms |
| What is Gestalt psych? | study of the perception of whole patterns, founded in Germany of 1912 |
| What is humanisim? | emphasis on human potential |
| Cognitive Revolution | humans are more than recipients of life's lessons |
| who is William James?What did he create? | He was the 1st american born psych to study how perception is used to function in the environment(CONTINOUS FLOW) |
| What are the APA's ethical guidelines? | informed on nature of research(learning,memory,etc).informed consent documented(i agree). risks/dangers/confidentiality explained in advance. can't be deceived(well maybe a little)about the aspects of the study.deception of goals can be used when necesary |
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BarackObama13
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