EMTP - Chap 1-4 Word Scramble
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Question | Answer |
Microscopic Anatomy | Study of structures only seen with magnification (cytology & histology) |
Macroscopic Anatomy | Study of structures visible to naked eye (xray) |
Pathology | Study of disease |
Cardiology | Study of heart |
Gastrologist | One who studies the stomach |
Rhinoplasty | Surgical repair of the nose |
Pericarditis | Inflammation around the heart |
Cardiologist | One who studies the heart |
Cardiopathy | Disease of the heart |
Gastritis | Inflammation of the stomach |
ACLS | Advanced cardiac life support |
CA | Cancer |
CXR | Chest x-ray |
CAD | Coronary artery disease |
NPO | Nothing by mouth, nil per os |
p.r.n. | Whenever needed |
STAT | Statim, immediately |
Disease | Not at ease |
Diagnosis | Know through or completely |
Syndrome | Specific grouping of signs and symptoms |
Etiology | Cause of the disease |
Homeostasis | Stable environment in the body |
Negative feedback loop | A feedback loop that opposes the stimulus, maintaining homeostasis |
Positive feedback loop | Increases the magnitude of change, a change away from the ideal |
Superior, cranial, cephalic | Toward the head or upper body |
Inferior, caudal | Away from the head or toward the lower part of the body |
Anterior, ventral | Toward or on the front of the body |
Posterior, dorsal | Toward or on the back of the body |
Medial | Near the middle or midline of the body |
Lateral | Located away from the midline or on the side |
Proximal | Close to the point of reference of the body |
Distal | Away from the point of reference of the body |
Transverse or Horizontal Plane | Superior & Inferior division (top & bottom) |
Median or Midsagittal Plane | Right and left halves (equal sides, center of body) |
Sagittal Plane | Right and left halves (not equal in size) |
Cranial cavity | Contains brain |
Spinal (vertebral cavity) | Contains spinal column |
Chondriac | Ribs, cartilage |
Hypochondriac | Lower rib region located right and left lateral |
Hypogastric | Inferior to umbilical region, flanked by right and left iliac or inguinal regions |
Umbilical Region | The area around the belly button |
Carpal | Wrist |
Gluteal | Buttocks |
Orbital | Eye Area |
Plantar | Sole of foot |
Axillary | Armpit |
Antebrachial | Forearm |
Antecubital | Depressed area in front of elbow (elbow pit) |
Buccal | Cheek |
Atom | Smallest unit of element, contains protons, neutrons & electrons |
Proton | Positively charged particle |
Neutron | Neutral particle |
Electron | Negatively charged particle, rotates around nucleus & found in shells |
Electrolytes | Charged ions found in the body, influence the nervous system, muscle activity and fluid balance |
Important Electrolytes | Potassium (K+), Sodium (Na+), Calcium (Ca2+), Magnesium (Mg2), Chloride (Cl-), Hydrogen Phosphate (HPO4-), Bicarbonate (HCO3-) |
Acid | Chemical that can release hydrogen ions |
Base | Accepts hydrogen ions, bitter taste (bicarbonate) |
Ionic Bond | One atom donates electrons to another atom |
Covalent Bond | When electrons are shared equally by the atoms involved in the bond |
Polar Covalent Bond | Covalent bond that is unequal, one atom takes more than its share of shared electrons |
Hydrophilic | Water loving molecules |
Hydrophobic | Water fearing molecules |
Hydrogen Bond | When water molecules bind weakly to the oxygen on another water molecule |
Solution | when one substance is dissolved in another |
Solute | Dissolved substance |
Solvent | Substance doing the dissolving |
Solute Concentration | Amount of solute dissolved in a solvent |
Polar | Have a charge |
Element | What all matter is made of |
Na | Sodium |
Fe | Iron |
Cu | Copper |
Zn | Zinc |
Mn | Manganese |
I | Iodine |
F | Florine |
NaCl | Salt |
H | Hydrogen |
He | Helium |
Li | Lithium |
K+ | Potassium |
Cl- | Chloride |
HPO-4 | Hydrogen Phosphate |
HCO-3 | Bicarbonate |
Acids & Bases | Electrolytes that conduct electricity and break down (dissociate) in water. |
Regulates acid/base balance | Respiratory & Renal |
Respiratory system | Take in air and get rid of carbon |
Ionization of water is .... | Weak |
ph >7 | Alkaline |
pH <7 | Acidic |
pH+p0H= | 14 |
Glycogen | Molecule in liver used to store energy |
Disaccharide | Two monosaccharides hooked together |
Monosaccharide | Simple sugars have 5-6 carbons |
C | Carbon |
Molecule categories | Carbs, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids |
Carbohydrates molecular makeup | 1 carbon/2 hydrogens/1 oxygen |
Sucrose | Table sugar |
Glucose | C6H12O6 |
Lactated Ringers | Sodium 130/Potassium 4/Calcium 3/Chloride 109/Osmolarity 273 |
Saline | Sodium 154/Chloride 154/Osmolarity 308 |
D5W | Osmolarity 252 |
D10W | Osmolarity 505 |
Hydro | Water |
Phil | Love |
Phobia | Fear |
Lipids | Carbon & hydrogen, little o2, hydrophobic, store energy, communication & protection (Cholesterol, triglycerides) |
Biological molecules | Found in living things, contain (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus, nitrogen) |
Carbohydrates are ..... | Sugars/Starches |
Waxes | Lipids |
Phospholipid have .... | Two fatty acid tails, tail is hydrophobic, head is hydrophilic |
Steroid | Lipid with carbon atoms arranged in rings (cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone) |
Protein | Long Chain of Amino Acids, act as collagen in tendons and ligaments, protects against infection, stores energy, allows cells to communicate, speeds up reactions (enzymes) |
Peptide bond | Ties amino acids together and is unique to protein molecules |
Nucleic Acid | RNA/DNA/genetic code/control activities of cells |
Metabolism | All chemical operations within body |
Anabolism | Built up, growth, repair & reproduction |
Catabolism | Break down |
Dehydration synthesis | Water is removed and biological molecules join to form larger molecules |
Hydrolysis reactions | Catabolic reactions that use water to break apart larger molecules |
Abnormal catabolism | Starvation |
Organelles | Small cell parts |
Enzymes | Special protein needed for dehydrations synthesis & hydrolysis, speed up chemical reactions, special binding sites, carry biological molecules and substrates. Specific. |
Full binding sites | Saturated |
Inhibited enzymes | prevent substrate from binding |
Digestion | Breaking down of food |
Cellular Respiration | Glucose is combined with O2 and transformed in mitochondria into ATP |
ATP | Adenosine triphosphate |
ATP is made of .... | A base (sugar and three phosphates) |
ATP becomes ADP | When a bond is used |
ATP is produced in | Mitochondria of the cells |
Electron Transport Chain contains | Four enzyme systems that produce ATP & Water |
pH is measure of | Acidity or Alkalinity |
Atoms are bound together to form | Molecules |
If electrons are shared by atoms | the bond is covalent |
Carbon dioxide is a weak | Acid |
If one atom gains electrons while the other loses | the bond is ionic and the molecule is polar |
Atoms gain or lose electrons causing them to have a | charge |
Smallest unit recognizable chemically | element |
Elements are made of | atoms |
Atoms consist of | neutrons and protons surrounded by electrons |
All living matter is composed of | elements |
Water is | polar covalent molecule |
Water is the basis of all body | fluids |
Molecules that mix with water | polar and hydrophilic |
Molecules that will not mix with water are | hydrophobic |
Solutions consists of | substance dissolved (solute) in a liquid (solvent) |
Solvent in biological systems is | water |
Living things are made of _____ molecules | biological |
Biological molecules fall into four categories | Proteins, carbs, lipids and nucleic acids |
Cells must have ____ to carry out metabolism | ATP |
ATP is made via | cellular respiration |
Enzymes, biological catalysts | necessary for cellular metabolism |
Metabolism is dependent on | Breakdown and manufacture of biological molecules |
Each type (carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids have | unique characteristics |
Electrolytes are | charged ions |
Cells are | building blocks |
# of cells in human body | 7.5 trillion |
Name some Cell types | Bone, nerve, connective tissue, skeletal, blood, smooth, fat |
Cell Membrane is also known as | plasma membrane |
selectively permeable | semi permeable |
Cell membrane acts a ________ covering | protective |
All human cells contain | nucleus (except red blood cells), organelle, cytoplasm & cell membrane |
Cell membrane is made of | Double layer of phospholipids oriented tail to tail |
Cell membranes contain abundant amounts of | cholesterol |
Proteins act as channels so substrates may pass across the | cell membrane |
All cells must have a | membrane to maintain integrity and survive |
Hydro____ cells prevent passage/Hydro ______ pass easily through the cell membrane | Hydrophilic/Hydrophobic |
Movement across cell membrane - two ways | Passive and Active Transport |
Passive requires ____ energy | No |
Four types of passive transport | diffusion, osmosis, filtration, facilitated diffusion |
Diffusion is | Most common passive transport - solute travels from high to low concentration |
Osmosis is | Passive transport - water travels through a selectively permeable membrane when a concentration gradient is present - low to high - pulled by osmotic pressure - until concentration is same on both sides. |
Osmotic pressure | pulled from lower to higher concentration. Greater the concentration of solute the greater the osmotic pressure. |
Water has a _____ solvent | polar |
Water passes through special ______ in the cell membrane | passages |
Filtration | Pressure applied to force water and dissolved materials across a membrane (Passive) |
Major supplier of force in the body is the | pumping heart |
Where filtration takes place in the body | kidneys. The heart forces blood flow into the kidneys |
Facilitated Diffusion | substance is assisted via carrier molecule in a direction it was already traveling (high to low) |
Facilitated Diffusions is highly | specific, only able to carry one type of molecule, subject to saturation, competition and inhibition (carriers are blocked) |
Glucose is also know as | dextrose |
Glucose is the principal ____ used by cells for energy production | Carbohydrate |
Most energy production occurs in the | mitochondria |
Glucose molecule is too large to enter the cell through | diffusion |
Glucose enters the cell through | facilitated diffusion using protein transport |
During stress ____ stores are depleted | ATP |
In the intestine and kidneys glucose transport requires | energy |
Active transport of _______ is uncommon | glucose |
Three types of active transport | Active transport pumps, endocytosis, Exocytosis |
Endocytosis | Moving substances into the cell using vesicles |
Exocytosis | Transport of material to the outside of the cell using vesicles |
Active Transport Pump | Require additional energy (ATP) to move substances against the gradient (low to high) using carriers |
exo | outside |
endo | within |
cyt | cell |
osis | condition |
phago | eating |
pino | to drink |
phagocytosis | Form of endocytosis - solid particles are brought into the cell in a vesicle |
pinocytosis | Liquid substance transported in a water filled vesicle into the cell |
Cytoplasm | Special environment inside a cell that the cell needs to survive |
Nucleus | Brain of the cell or control center |
Nucleus dictates the activities of the | organelles |
Nucleus is surrounded by a | double walled membrane with large pores to allow certain material to pass in and out |
Chromatin | material found in nucleus that contains DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) |
Chromatin forms | chromosomes which contain genes |
Nucleolus | spherical body made of dense fibers |
Nucleolus major function is to | synthesize RNA (ribonucleic acid) |
Ribosomes are | organelles found on endoplasmic reticulum or floating around in the cytoplasm |
Ribosomes are made of | RNA |
Ribosomes assist in the production of | enzymes and other proteins to repair and reproduce, |
Centrosomes | Builds new cells |
Centrosomes contain | centrioles that are involved in the division of cells. Tubular and found in pairs |
Mitochondria | Tiny bean shaped organelles, provide 95% of bodys energy for cellular repair, movement and reproduction. |
ATP is made in the | mitochondria |
If a cell type is ver active there are a larger number of _____ in that cell | mitochondria |
Liver can have up to ______ mitochondria in each cell | 2000 |
Sperm cells swim with a tail called a | flagellum |
Endoplasmic reticulum | channels in the cytoplasm formed from folded membrane |
Endoplasmic reticulum comes in two forms | Rough & Smooth |
Rough endoplasmic reticulum has _____ on its surface and is responsible for the synthesis of ______ | ribosomes/protein |
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum has _____ on its surface | no ribosomes |
Once the protein is synthesized it is sent to the ____ for processing | Golgi |
Golgi | Organelle looks like flattened membranous sacs, processes and stores and surrounds the protein with a vesicle and travels to the membrane where it releases it (exocytosis) |
The digestive system have a _____ number of Golgi | high |
Some proteins made in the Golgi stay in the cell and become | lysosomes |
Lysosomes are _____ and maintain health by destroying bacteria with a process called ______ | Multitalented/phagocytosis |
Lysosomes are vesicles containing powerful_____ enzymes that ______ up intracellular debris and other waste | hydrolytic/clean |
Hydrolytic enzymes speed up | hydrolysis reactions |
Cytoskeleton | network of microtubules and interconnected filaments that provide shape and allow the cell to move |
Flagella | Whip shaped tails that move the cells similar to a tadpole |
Cilia | short microsopic hairlike located on cell surface that move in a wavelike motion and move the cell in a given direction |
Ciliary Action | Clean the lungs of dust particles and germs |
Cellular reproduction | making new cells |
Cell division | divides cells in two |
Eukaryotic cell | Cells that make up the human body |
Asexual reproduction | Cell made an identical copy of itself without another cell |
Bacteria has _____ chromosome | one |
Human cells have ____ chromosomes | 46 |
Bacterials cells do not have _____ and reproduce easily through ______ | organelles or a nucleus/binary fission |
All ________ must be copied before a cell can divide | Chromosomes |
Mitosis | The process of sorting the chromosomes so that each cell gets the right number of copies of all the genetic material. Mitosis is how eukaryotic cells reproduce asexually |
Eukaryotic cell life phases called the cell cycle which consists of two major phases | Interphase and mitotic phase |
Interphase | Cell is not dividing, but stockpiling materials and preparing for division by copying dna and making organelles. |
Mitotic Phase is____ and divided into two parts _____ | Brief portion devoted to cell division. Two parts - Mitosis is cell division/genetic sorting & Cytokinesis is division of cytoplasm |
Mitosis is divided into 4 phases | prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
Prophase | Nucleus disappears, chromosomes appear and anchor lines, guide wires, spindle forms |
Metaphase | Chromosomes line up in the center |
Anaphase | Chromosomes split and spindles pull apart |
Telophase | chromosomes far end of cell, spindle disappears and nuclei reappear |
Pro | before |
Meta | between |
Ana | without |
Telo | the end |
Cytokinesis happens the cell divides in half during or immediately after | telophase |
Mother cell divides into two | daughter cells |
Mitosis vs meiosis | Mitosis -asexual, produces an exact copy. Meiosis - produces gametes or sexual cells, contain half of ea cell of a female and male cell |
metastasis | breaking off and spreading of malignant cells |
Magnetotaxis | the bacterias ability to move in response to magnetic forces. bacteria possess iron oxide stored in a cell called magnetosome |
Capsid | Protective protein coat on viruses |
Staphyl | bunch |
Strept | chain |
Fungi or fungus | one celled or multicelled |
Mycelia | tiny filaments |
Fungi spread through the release of | spores |
Fungi usually do not affect us but can affect a damaged _____ or damaged _____ | immune system/ cells |
Protozoa | one celled and causes disease through ingestion or insect bites |
Fungai examples | yeast, ringworm, aspergillus, cryptococcus |
Plasmodium | causes malaria protozoa |
trypanosoma | causes sleeping sickness protozoa |
Created by:
jjholmquest
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