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EMTP - Chap 1-4
Essentials of A&P for Emergency Care - Brady Books 2011
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Microscopic Anatomy | Study of structures only seen with magnification (cytology & histology) |
| Macroscopic Anatomy | Study of structures visible to naked eye (xray) |
| Pathology | Study of disease |
| Cardiology | Study of heart |
| Gastrologist | One who studies the stomach |
| Rhinoplasty | Surgical repair of the nose |
| Pericarditis | Inflammation around the heart |
| Cardiologist | One who studies the heart |
| Cardiopathy | Disease of the heart |
| Gastritis | Inflammation of the stomach |
| ACLS | Advanced cardiac life support |
| CA | Cancer |
| CXR | Chest x-ray |
| CAD | Coronary artery disease |
| NPO | Nothing by mouth, nil per os |
| p.r.n. | Whenever needed |
| STAT | Statim, immediately |
| Disease | Not at ease |
| Diagnosis | Know through or completely |
| Syndrome | Specific grouping of signs and symptoms |
| Etiology | Cause of the disease |
| Homeostasis | Stable environment in the body |
| Negative feedback loop | A feedback loop that opposes the stimulus, maintaining homeostasis |
| Positive feedback loop | Increases the magnitude of change, a change away from the ideal |
| Superior, cranial, cephalic | Toward the head or upper body |
| Inferior, caudal | Away from the head or toward the lower part of the body |
| Anterior, ventral | Toward or on the front of the body |
| Posterior, dorsal | Toward or on the back of the body |
| Medial | Near the middle or midline of the body |
| Lateral | Located away from the midline or on the side |
| Proximal | Close to the point of reference of the body |
| Distal | Away from the point of reference of the body |
| Transverse or Horizontal Plane | Superior & Inferior division (top & bottom) |
| Median or Midsagittal Plane | Right and left halves (equal sides, center of body) |
| Sagittal Plane | Right and left halves (not equal in size) |
| Cranial cavity | Contains brain |
| Spinal (vertebral cavity) | Contains spinal column |
| Chondriac | Ribs, cartilage |
| Hypochondriac | Lower rib region located right and left lateral |
| Hypogastric | Inferior to umbilical region, flanked by right and left iliac or inguinal regions |
| Umbilical Region | The area around the belly button |
| Carpal | Wrist |
| Gluteal | Buttocks |
| Orbital | Eye Area |
| Plantar | Sole of foot |
| Axillary | Armpit |
| Antebrachial | Forearm |
| Antecubital | Depressed area in front of elbow (elbow pit) |
| Buccal | Cheek |
| Atom | Smallest unit of element, contains protons, neutrons & electrons |
| Proton | Positively charged particle |
| Neutron | Neutral particle |
| Electron | Negatively charged particle, rotates around nucleus & found in shells |
| Electrolytes | Charged ions found in the body, influence the nervous system, muscle activity and fluid balance |
| Important Electrolytes | Potassium (K+), Sodium (Na+), Calcium (Ca2+), Magnesium (Mg2), Chloride (Cl-), Hydrogen Phosphate (HPO4-), Bicarbonate (HCO3-) |
| Acid | Chemical that can release hydrogen ions |
| Base | Accepts hydrogen ions, bitter taste (bicarbonate) |
| Ionic Bond | One atom donates electrons to another atom |
| Covalent Bond | When electrons are shared equally by the atoms involved in the bond |
| Polar Covalent Bond | Covalent bond that is unequal, one atom takes more than its share of shared electrons |
| Hydrophilic | Water loving molecules |
| Hydrophobic | Water fearing molecules |
| Hydrogen Bond | When water molecules bind weakly to the oxygen on another water molecule |
| Solution | when one substance is dissolved in another |
| Solute | Dissolved substance |
| Solvent | Substance doing the dissolving |
| Solute Concentration | Amount of solute dissolved in a solvent |
| Polar | Have a charge |
| Element | What all matter is made of |
| Na | Sodium |
| Fe | Iron |
| Cu | Copper |
| Zn | Zinc |
| Mn | Manganese |
| I | Iodine |
| F | Florine |
| NaCl | Salt |
| H | Hydrogen |
| He | Helium |
| Li | Lithium |
| K+ | Potassium |
| Cl- | Chloride |
| HPO-4 | Hydrogen Phosphate |
| HCO-3 | Bicarbonate |
| Acids & Bases | Electrolytes that conduct electricity and break down (dissociate) in water. |
| Regulates acid/base balance | Respiratory & Renal |
| Respiratory system | Take in air and get rid of carbon |
| Ionization of water is .... | Weak |
| ph >7 | Alkaline |
| pH <7 | Acidic |
| pH+p0H= | 14 |
| Glycogen | Molecule in liver used to store energy |
| Disaccharide | Two monosaccharides hooked together |
| Monosaccharide | Simple sugars have 5-6 carbons |
| C | Carbon |
| Molecule categories | Carbs, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids |
| Carbohydrates molecular makeup | 1 carbon/2 hydrogens/1 oxygen |
| Sucrose | Table sugar |
| Glucose | C6H12O6 |
| Lactated Ringers | Sodium 130/Potassium 4/Calcium 3/Chloride 109/Osmolarity 273 |
| Saline | Sodium 154/Chloride 154/Osmolarity 308 |
| D5W | Osmolarity 252 |
| D10W | Osmolarity 505 |
| Hydro | Water |
| Phil | Love |
| Phobia | Fear |
| Lipids | Carbon & hydrogen, little o2, hydrophobic, store energy, communication & protection (Cholesterol, triglycerides) |
| Biological molecules | Found in living things, contain (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus, nitrogen) |
| Carbohydrates are ..... | Sugars/Starches |
| Waxes | Lipids |
| Phospholipid have .... | Two fatty acid tails, tail is hydrophobic, head is hydrophilic |
| Steroid | Lipid with carbon atoms arranged in rings (cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone) |
| Protein | Long Chain of Amino Acids, act as collagen in tendons and ligaments, protects against infection, stores energy, allows cells to communicate, speeds up reactions (enzymes) |
| Peptide bond | Ties amino acids together and is unique to protein molecules |
| Nucleic Acid | RNA/DNA/genetic code/control activities of cells |
| Metabolism | All chemical operations within body |
| Anabolism | Built up, growth, repair & reproduction |
| Catabolism | Break down |
| Dehydration synthesis | Water is removed and biological molecules join to form larger molecules |
| Hydrolysis reactions | Catabolic reactions that use water to break apart larger molecules |
| Abnormal catabolism | Starvation |
| Organelles | Small cell parts |
| Enzymes | Special protein needed for dehydrations synthesis & hydrolysis, speed up chemical reactions, special binding sites, carry biological molecules and substrates. Specific. |
| Full binding sites | Saturated |
| Inhibited enzymes | prevent substrate from binding |
| Digestion | Breaking down of food |
| Cellular Respiration | Glucose is combined with O2 and transformed in mitochondria into ATP |
| ATP | Adenosine triphosphate |
| ATP is made of .... | A base (sugar and three phosphates) |
| ATP becomes ADP | When a bond is used |
| ATP is produced in | Mitochondria of the cells |
| Electron Transport Chain contains | Four enzyme systems that produce ATP & Water |
| pH is measure of | Acidity or Alkalinity |
| Atoms are bound together to form | Molecules |
| If electrons are shared by atoms | the bond is covalent |
| Carbon dioxide is a weak | Acid |
| If one atom gains electrons while the other loses | the bond is ionic and the molecule is polar |
| Atoms gain or lose electrons causing them to have a | charge |
| Smallest unit recognizable chemically | element |
| Elements are made of | atoms |
| Atoms consist of | neutrons and protons surrounded by electrons |
| All living matter is composed of | elements |
| Water is | polar covalent molecule |
| Water is the basis of all body | fluids |
| Molecules that mix with water | polar and hydrophilic |
| Molecules that will not mix with water are | hydrophobic |
| Solutions consists of | substance dissolved (solute) in a liquid (solvent) |
| Solvent in biological systems is | water |
| Living things are made of _____ molecules | biological |
| Biological molecules fall into four categories | Proteins, carbs, lipids and nucleic acids |
| Cells must have ____ to carry out metabolism | ATP |
| ATP is made via | cellular respiration |
| Enzymes, biological catalysts | necessary for cellular metabolism |
| Metabolism is dependent on | Breakdown and manufacture of biological molecules |
| Each type (carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids have | unique characteristics |
| Electrolytes are | charged ions |
| Cells are | building blocks |
| # of cells in human body | 7.5 trillion |
| Name some Cell types | Bone, nerve, connective tissue, skeletal, blood, smooth, fat |
| Cell Membrane is also known as | plasma membrane |
| selectively permeable | semi permeable |
| Cell membrane acts a ________ covering | protective |
| All human cells contain | nucleus (except red blood cells), organelle, cytoplasm & cell membrane |
| Cell membrane is made of | Double layer of phospholipids oriented tail to tail |
| Cell membranes contain abundant amounts of | cholesterol |
| Proteins act as channels so substrates may pass across the | cell membrane |
| All cells must have a | membrane to maintain integrity and survive |
| Hydro____ cells prevent passage/Hydro ______ pass easily through the cell membrane | Hydrophilic/Hydrophobic |
| Movement across cell membrane - two ways | Passive and Active Transport |
| Passive requires ____ energy | No |
| Four types of passive transport | diffusion, osmosis, filtration, facilitated diffusion |
| Diffusion is | Most common passive transport - solute travels from high to low concentration |
| Osmosis is | Passive transport - water travels through a selectively permeable membrane when a concentration gradient is present - low to high - pulled by osmotic pressure - until concentration is same on both sides. |
| Osmotic pressure | pulled from lower to higher concentration. Greater the concentration of solute the greater the osmotic pressure. |
| Water has a _____ solvent | polar |
| Water passes through special ______ in the cell membrane | passages |
| Filtration | Pressure applied to force water and dissolved materials across a membrane (Passive) |
| Major supplier of force in the body is the | pumping heart |
| Where filtration takes place in the body | kidneys. The heart forces blood flow into the kidneys |
| Facilitated Diffusion | substance is assisted via carrier molecule in a direction it was already traveling (high to low) |
| Facilitated Diffusions is highly | specific, only able to carry one type of molecule, subject to saturation, competition and inhibition (carriers are blocked) |
| Glucose is also know as | dextrose |
| Glucose is the principal ____ used by cells for energy production | Carbohydrate |
| Most energy production occurs in the | mitochondria |
| Glucose molecule is too large to enter the cell through | diffusion |
| Glucose enters the cell through | facilitated diffusion using protein transport |
| During stress ____ stores are depleted | ATP |
| In the intestine and kidneys glucose transport requires | energy |
| Active transport of _______ is uncommon | glucose |
| Three types of active transport | Active transport pumps, endocytosis, Exocytosis |
| Endocytosis | Moving substances into the cell using vesicles |
| Exocytosis | Transport of material to the outside of the cell using vesicles |
| Active Transport Pump | Require additional energy (ATP) to move substances against the gradient (low to high) using carriers |
| exo | outside |
| endo | within |
| cyt | cell |
| osis | condition |
| phago | eating |
| pino | to drink |
| phagocytosis | Form of endocytosis - solid particles are brought into the cell in a vesicle |
| pinocytosis | Liquid substance transported in a water filled vesicle into the cell |
| Cytoplasm | Special environment inside a cell that the cell needs to survive |
| Nucleus | Brain of the cell or control center |
| Nucleus dictates the activities of the | organelles |
| Nucleus is surrounded by a | double walled membrane with large pores to allow certain material to pass in and out |
| Chromatin | material found in nucleus that contains DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) |
| Chromatin forms | chromosomes which contain genes |
| Nucleolus | spherical body made of dense fibers |
| Nucleolus major function is to | synthesize RNA (ribonucleic acid) |
| Ribosomes are | organelles found on endoplasmic reticulum or floating around in the cytoplasm |
| Ribosomes are made of | RNA |
| Ribosomes assist in the production of | enzymes and other proteins to repair and reproduce, |
| Centrosomes | Builds new cells |
| Centrosomes contain | centrioles that are involved in the division of cells. Tubular and found in pairs |
| Mitochondria | Tiny bean shaped organelles, provide 95% of bodys energy for cellular repair, movement and reproduction. |
| ATP is made in the | mitochondria |
| If a cell type is ver active there are a larger number of _____ in that cell | mitochondria |
| Liver can have up to ______ mitochondria in each cell | 2000 |
| Sperm cells swim with a tail called a | flagellum |
| Endoplasmic reticulum | channels in the cytoplasm formed from folded membrane |
| Endoplasmic reticulum comes in two forms | Rough & Smooth |
| Rough endoplasmic reticulum has _____ on its surface and is responsible for the synthesis of ______ | ribosomes/protein |
| Smooth endoplasmic reticulum has _____ on its surface | no ribosomes |
| Once the protein is synthesized it is sent to the ____ for processing | Golgi |
| Golgi | Organelle looks like flattened membranous sacs, processes and stores and surrounds the protein with a vesicle and travels to the membrane where it releases it (exocytosis) |
| The digestive system have a _____ number of Golgi | high |
| Some proteins made in the Golgi stay in the cell and become | lysosomes |
| Lysosomes are _____ and maintain health by destroying bacteria with a process called ______ | Multitalented/phagocytosis |
| Lysosomes are vesicles containing powerful_____ enzymes that ______ up intracellular debris and other waste | hydrolytic/clean |
| Hydrolytic enzymes speed up | hydrolysis reactions |
| Cytoskeleton | network of microtubules and interconnected filaments that provide shape and allow the cell to move |
| Flagella | Whip shaped tails that move the cells similar to a tadpole |
| Cilia | short microsopic hairlike located on cell surface that move in a wavelike motion and move the cell in a given direction |
| Ciliary Action | Clean the lungs of dust particles and germs |
| Cellular reproduction | making new cells |
| Cell division | divides cells in two |
| Eukaryotic cell | Cells that make up the human body |
| Asexual reproduction | Cell made an identical copy of itself without another cell |
| Bacteria has _____ chromosome | one |
| Human cells have ____ chromosomes | 46 |
| Bacterials cells do not have _____ and reproduce easily through ______ | organelles or a nucleus/binary fission |
| All ________ must be copied before a cell can divide | Chromosomes |
| Mitosis | The process of sorting the chromosomes so that each cell gets the right number of copies of all the genetic material. Mitosis is how eukaryotic cells reproduce asexually |
| Eukaryotic cell life phases called the cell cycle which consists of two major phases | Interphase and mitotic phase |
| Interphase | Cell is not dividing, but stockpiling materials and preparing for division by copying dna and making organelles. |
| Mitotic Phase is____ and divided into two parts _____ | Brief portion devoted to cell division. Two parts - Mitosis is cell division/genetic sorting & Cytokinesis is division of cytoplasm |
| Mitosis is divided into 4 phases | prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
| Prophase | Nucleus disappears, chromosomes appear and anchor lines, guide wires, spindle forms |
| Metaphase | Chromosomes line up in the center |
| Anaphase | Chromosomes split and spindles pull apart |
| Telophase | chromosomes far end of cell, spindle disappears and nuclei reappear |
| Pro | before |
| Meta | between |
| Ana | without |
| Telo | the end |
| Cytokinesis happens the cell divides in half during or immediately after | telophase |
| Mother cell divides into two | daughter cells |
| Mitosis vs meiosis | Mitosis -asexual, produces an exact copy. Meiosis - produces gametes or sexual cells, contain half of ea cell of a female and male cell |
| metastasis | breaking off and spreading of malignant cells |
| Magnetotaxis | the bacterias ability to move in response to magnetic forces. bacteria possess iron oxide stored in a cell called magnetosome |
| Capsid | Protective protein coat on viruses |
| Staphyl | bunch |
| Strept | chain |
| Fungi or fungus | one celled or multicelled |
| Mycelia | tiny filaments |
| Fungi spread through the release of | spores |
| Fungi usually do not affect us but can affect a damaged _____ or damaged _____ | immune system/ cells |
| Protozoa | one celled and causes disease through ingestion or insect bites |
| Fungai examples | yeast, ringworm, aspergillus, cryptococcus |
| Plasmodium | causes malaria protozoa |
| trypanosoma | causes sleeping sickness protozoa |
Created by:
jjholmquest
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