AP EXAM (ELKINS) Word Scramble
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Question | Answer |
The root "homeo-" means... | Same |
The root "hetero-" means... | Different |
An informed, uncertain but testable idea is a(n)... | Hypothesis |
Structure that can be observed with the naked eye... | Gross anatomy |
The simplest structures considered to be a live are... | Cells |
The urethra is found in the ___ region of the abdomen... | Hypogastric |
Self-amplifying chain of physiological events is called... | Positive feedback |
Palpation is the studying of anatomy by means of... | Touch |
The heart is ___ to the lungs... | Medial |
The lungs are ___ tot he heart... | Lateral |
Which organ system regulates blood volume, controls acid-base balance and stimulates red blood cell production? | Circulatory system |
Words composed of the first letter, or first few letters, of a series of words... | Acronyms |
The ___ region consists of the head, neck and the trunk | Axial |
The heart is IN the ... | Mediastinum |
The technique for listening tot he sounds of the heart valves... | Auscultation |
There are more ___ than cells in the body. | Organelles |
Study of structure... | Anatomy |
Methods of viewing the inside of the body by means of surgery... | Exploratory surgery |
Study of function | Physiology |
Studying the function of more than one organism and using them, together, to understand functions in other species | Comparative physiology |
Single, complete individual and the largest level in the hierarchy of complexity | Organism |
Masses of similar cells and cell products that form a discrete region of an organ and perform a specific function | Tissues |
The smallest units of an organism, and the smallest units of life in general, are called cells | Cells |
Sum of all an individual's internal chemical reactions | Metabolism |
Refers to the fact that the whole organism cannot be fully explained by the actions of its parts | Holism |
A large, complex system such as the human body can be understood by studying its simpler components | Reductionism |
Changes in DNA structure | Mutation |
Scientist predicts what the results of a certain experiment will be if his/her hypothesis is correct | Deduction |
Cutting and separating tissue to reveal structural relationships is called ... | Dissection |
Invented many components of the compound microscope and named the tiny 'compartments' he observed "cells" | Robert Hooke |
Composed of lipids and proteins and surrounds the cellular components | Plasma membrane |
Major features of human anatomy have standard international names prescribed by the ... | Terminologia Anatomica |
Membranes lining the cranial cavity | Meninges |
Physiological effects of a person's mental state are called ___ effects | Psychosomatic |
Refers to fine detail, down to the molecular level | Ultrastructure |
Rejected all eponyms and gave each structure unique Latin names used world-wide | Nomina Anatomica |
Tendency of the body to maintain stable internal conditions | Homeostasis |
Transformation of cells with no specialized function into cells that are committed to a specific task | Differentiation |
Self-correcting mechanisms in physiology | Feedback mechanisms |
Terms coined from the names of people | Eponyms |
Arrangement of polypeptide into a fibrous or globular shape is called its... | Tertiary structure |
12 elements that account for a mere 0.7% of body weight are known as... | Trace elements |
An ionic bond is formed when an anion meets a(n)... | Cation |
A substance that contains at least two different elements is considered to be a(n)... | Chemical compound |
A substance capable of dissolving freely in water is... | Hydrophilic |
The process of removing an electron from a substance and creating a positive ion | Oxidation |
A substance which does not dissolve readily in water | Hydrophobic |
Time required for 1/2 of a radioactive elements atoms to decay to a more stable state is the ... | Physical half-life |
The only polysaccharide synthesized in the human body | Glycogen |
Water molecules form a ___ which isolates the individual ions, keeping them dissolved within a solution | Hydration sphere |
Carbohydrates supply more ___ than proteins can. | Energy storage |
The ratio of products to reactants is stable in a state of ___ | Equilibrium |
The study of molecules that compose living things | Biochemistry |
Feature that most distinguishes a lipid from a carbohydrate is that a lipid has a ___ ratio of oxygen to hydrogen | Lower |
When an atom gives up an electron and acquires a positive charge, it is called a(n)... | Cation |
Dietary antioxidants are important because they neutralize | Free radicals |
When an atom gains an electron and thus an overall negative charge | Anion |
Inorganic elements that are extracted from the soil by plants and are key to our survival | Minerals |
Any substance that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by it is a(n) .... | Enzyme |
All of the synthesis reactions in the body form a division of metabolism called | Anabolism |
All of the decomposition reactions which take place in the body... | Catabolism |
A chemical reaction that joins two organic molecules and produces water as a by-product | Dehydration synthesis |
Amphiphilic lipids of a cell membrane | Phospholipids |
Substance acted upon and changed by an enzyme is called the enzyme's | Substrates |
The outer-most energy level of an atom | Valence shell |
3D shape of a protein | Conformation |
Drastic conformational change in response to conditions such as extreme heat or pH and often results in the destruction of a protein's function | Denaturation |
Capacity to do work | Energy |
Arranged all of the known elements according to their atomic number | Periodic table |
Potential energy stored in the bonds of molecules is known as... | Chemical energy |
Study of molecules that compose living things | Biochemistry |
Forms the "backbone" of organic compounds | Carbon |
Water is capable of dissolving most substances and is known as the ... | Universal solvent |
Number of protons within the nucleus | Atomic number |
Simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties | Element |
Chemical particles with odd number of electrons | Free radicals |
Substances that ionize in water | Electrolytes |
Substances that release H+ in solution | Acids |
Consists of substances that are physically blended together | Mixture |
Tendency of a substance to cling to itself | Cohesion |
Attraction of water particles to a glass | Adhesion |
Particles scatter light and are often cloudy | Colloids |
Proton acceptor | Base |
Proton donator | Acid |
Particles are too heavy to remain permanently dissolved so they separate upon standing | Suspension |
Most cellular membrane components are made by the... | Endoplasmic reticulum |
Membrane carriers resemble enzymes except for the fact that carriers do not ___ their ligands | Chemically change |
Aquaporins are transmembrane proteins that promote | Osmosis |
Which of the following is not part of the cytoskeleton | Organelles |
Human cells will swell or shrink in any solution other than a(n) ___ one | Isotonic |
__ endocytosis is a more selective form of either phagocytosis or pinocytosis | Isotonic |
Process by which a physical pressure forces fluid through a selectively permeable membrane | Filtration |
Plasma membrane gates that open or close in response to changes in the electrical charge difference across the membrane | Voltage-gated channels |
Process by which a mechanical pressure applied to one side of the system can override osmotic pressure and drive water through a membrane against its concentration gradient | Reverse osmosis |
Concentrated solution that causes a cell to shrink | Hypertonic |
Difference in concentration between one point and another | Concentration gradient |
Gate in the plasma membrane that opens or closes when a chemical binds t it is called a(n) | Ligand-gated channel |
Fusion of secretory vesicle with the plasma membrane, and release of the vesicles contents, is called ___ | Exocytosis |
Detoxify harmful substances within the cell: smooth ER and ____ | Peroxisomes |
Network of protein filaments and cylinders that structurally support a cell | Cytoskeleton |
Composed of carbohydrate moieties of membrane glycolipids and glycoproteins | Glycocalyx |
Ability of a microscope to reveal detail is referred to as it's | Resolution |
Force exerted on a membrane by water is called | Hydrostatic pressure |
Side of membrane that faces the cytoplasm | Intracellular face |
Side of plasma membrane that faces the external environment of the cell | Extracellular face |
Hydrostatic pressure required on one side to halt the process of osmosis called ... | Osmotic pressure |
Space enclosed by the unit membrane of the Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum is called the... | Cisterae |
Clear, stucture-less gel in a cell | Cytosol |
Cells specialized for absorption of matter from extracellular fluid are likely to show an abundance of | Microvilli |
Active transport can occur only within a ___ cell | Living |
Process of enclosing extracellular fluid in which the plasma membrane sinks in and pinches off small vesicles containing droplets of fluid | Pinocytosis |
Inner membrane of the mitochondria has folds called ___ which project like shelves into the matrix | Cristae |
Process by which lysosomes digest and dispose of surplus or non-vital organelles and other cell components in order to cycle nutrients withing the cell | Autophagy |
Carrier which performs cotransport | Symport |
Hairlike projections along the cell surface which play a role in sensory function and locomotion | Cilia |
Movement of material without the aid of ATP | Passive transport |
Net flow of water through a membrane from high to low concentration | Osmosis |
Unpaired centrioles at the base of a cilium or flagellum | Basal body |
Vesicular transport of particles into a cell | Endocytosis |
Sacs produced b the Golgi apparatus which contains enzymes for intracellular digestion, autophagy, programmed cell death and glucose mobilization | Lysosomes |
The seminiferous tubule (narrow, secretory tube/passage) of the testis is lined with ___ epithelium | Stratified cuboidal |
___ epithelium is found in areas/organs which undergo a certain amount of 'stretching' as required by the body | Transitional |
___ connective tissue is used for energy storage, thermal insulation and heat production | Adipose |
The most abundant formed element in the blood is the ___ | Erythrocytes |
Erythrocytes | Red blood cells |
Leukocytes | White blood cells |
Connections between one cell and another | Cell junctions |
Single layer of square, almost rounded cells | Simple cuboidal epithelium |
External surface of the stomach is covered by | Serosa |
Internal surface of the stomach is covered by | Mucosa |
Encircle epithelial cells, joining each cell securely to the other | Tight junctions |
Collagen of areolar tissue is produced by | Fibroblasts |
Tendons are composed of ___ connective tissue | Dense regular |
The shape of the external ear is primarily due to... | Elastic cartilage |
Most abundant and only significant adipose tissue of the body | Yellow fat |
Separates the upper layers of epithelial tissue from the connective tissue below, within the skin | Basement membrane |
Occur in small numbers in mature organs or tissues throughout a person's life and have the ability to differentiate into a limited number of cell types | Adult stem cells |
Found within the embryo and are capable in differentiating into nearly any cell type required; controversial | Embryonic stem cells |
Found in fetuses, stores lipids in the form of multiple globules rather that one large one making it easier to break down | Brown fat |
Undifferentiated cells | Stem cells |
Relatively stiff connective tissue with flexible rubbery matrix | Cartilage |
Premature, pathological tissue death | Necrosis |
Artificial production of tissues and organs in a lab setting and used for implantation in the human body | Tissue engineering |
Osseous tissue | Bone |
Replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same cell type present before hand | Regeneration |
Replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue, like in severe injuries | Fibrosis |
Programmed cell death | Apoptosis |
Most abundant, widely distributed and variable primary tissue | Connective tissue |
Hereditary defect in elastin | Marfan syndrome |
Most embryonic and childhood growth occurs by; tissue growth through multiplication | Hyperplasia |
Muscles not exercised exhibit disuse ___ and their cells become smaller | Atrophy |
Development of more specialized form and function | Differentiation |
Fluid connective tissue that travels through tubular vessels throughout the body | Blood |
Occupies the "empty space" within a tissue; usually gelatinous or rubbery in consistency | Ground substance |
Basis for excitation of a cell/tissue | Membrane potential |
Constitute most of the volume of the nervous tissue | Glial cells |
Densely packed, parallel, often wavy collagen fibers | Dense regular connective tissue |
Found in the heart | Cardiac muscle |
Gland which maintains contact with surface by means of a duct | Exocrine |
Gland which releases secretion by exocytosis | Merocrine |
Glandular secretion which contains the product and the disintegrated cellular parts | Holocrine |
Lacks striations and is involuntary | Smooth muscle |
Loose network of reticular fibers and cells, infiltrated with numerous leukocytes | Reticular tissue |
Product of a gland which is beneficial to the body | Secretion |
Type of gland which releases products into the blood stream; has no surface duct | Endocrine |
Waste product removed by means of a gland | Excretion |
Abnormal redness of the skin | Erythema |
Brownish black melanin | Eumelanin |
Bruise | Hematoma |
Cancer-causing radiation which leaks through our ozone layer | Ultraviolet |
Covers body and provides a barrier to pathogens and to excessive water loss | Skin |
Dilating of blood vessels; plays a role in relieving body of excess heat | Vasodilation |
Genetic lack of melanin | Albinism |
Immune cells of the epidermis | Dendritic cells |
Majority of epidermal cells | Keratinocytes |
Needed for bone development and maintenance; skin is the first step of it's synthesis | Vitamin D |
Red pigment of blood | Hemoglobin |
Reddish-yellow melanin | Pheomelanin |
Scientific study of medical treatment of the integumentary system | Dermatology |
Tough protein which fills the upper epidermal cells; water-proofing barrier | Keratin |
Undifferentiated cells giving rise to keratinocytes | Stem cells |
Sweating without noticeable wetness of the skin | Insensible sweating |
Burn which destroys the entire dermis | Third degree |
Nourishes the hair | Dermal papillae |
Muscle that causes hair to stand on end | Piloerector |
Cells which synthesize melanin and aid in the overall production of skin and hair pigmentation | Melanocytes |
Blueness of the skin due to low oxygen concentration in the blood | Cyanosis |
Cerumen | Earwax |
Zone in epidermis which consists mainly of a single layer of cuboudal to columnar stem cells and keratinocytes rising from the basement membrane | Stratum basale |
Hair 'growing' stage | Anagen |
Composed of clumps of dander stuck together by sebum | Dandruff |
Holocrine glands that secrete into hair follicle | Sebaceous |
Process of removing burned skin from a patient | Debridement |
Condition in which hair is lost from select regions of the scalp rather than thinning uniformly across the whole scalp | Pattern baldness |
Cells of this epidermal layer are keratinized and dead | Stratum corneum |
What skin condition or appearance would most likely result from liver failure? | Jaundice |
Arm hair | Vellus hair |
"scent" gland | Apocrine gland |
Skin cells with a sensory roll | Tactile cells |
Alert immune system to pathogens; found within the sin | Dendritic cells |
Which glands play a role in hearing? | Ceruminous glands |
Most common type of kin cancer | Basale cell carcinoma |
Burns which involve the epidermis and part of the dermis, but leave at least some of the dermis intact | Second degree |
The femur is a ___ bone. | Long |
Poor nutrition, lack of vitamin D and lack of exercise are all risk factors for... | Osteoporosis |
Cells that have a ruffled border and secrete hydrochloric acid | Osteoclasts |
Forms blood cells and platelets | Bone marrow |
___ contribute a flexibility to bones to prevent them from shattering when a great force is applied to them | Collagen fibers |
One long bone meets another at it's ___ | Epiphysis |
Osteoclasts are most closely related, by common descent, to which connective tissue cell? | Blood cells |
Blood is also known as what type of tissue? | Myeloid |
Spurt of growth at puberty results from cell proliferation and hypertrophy in the ___ | Epiphyseal plate |
Walls between cartilage lacunae break down in the zone of ____; where osseous tissue is beginning to replace it | Bone deposition |
Thin layer of reticular connective tissue called the __ lines the internal marrow cavity | Endosteum |
Tiny cavities that contain the osteocytes | Lacunae |
Stems cells which develop from embryonic mesenchymal cells | Osteogenic cells |
Calcium phosphate crystallizes in bone as... | Hyrdoxyapatite |
Osteocytes contact each other through channels called __in the bone matrix | Canaliculi |
A bone increases in diameter only by ___ growth | Appositional growth |
Addition of new cells within a tissue | Interstitial growth |
Addition of new cells on the surface of a tissue | Appositional growth |
Calcium deficiency which may cause death by suffocation | Hypocalcemia |
Cells that secrete collagen and stimulate calcium phosphate deposition | Osteoblasts |
Most active form of vitamin D produced mainly by the kidneys | Calcitrol |
Combination of two basic structural materials (spongy bone and compact bone) | Composite |
Transitional region between epiphyseal cartilage and primary marrow cavity of young bone | Metaphysis |
Softening of the bones which occurs in adults | Osteomalacia |
Epiphyseal plate becomes the ___ after a person reaches adulthood | Epiphyseal line |
Formation of bone; ossification or __ | Osteogenesis |
Marrow which no longer produces blood cells | Yellow marrow |
Basic structural unit of compact bone | Osteon |
Collagen fibers from the periosteum which become continuous with tendons that bind muscle to bone | Perforating fibers |
Softening of the bones which takes place in children | Rickets |
Break in the bone weakened by some other disease | Pathological fracture |
Carpals and tarsals | Short bones |
Central cavity found in a long bone which contains the marrow | Medullary cavity |
Composed of bones, cartilages, and ligaments joined tightly to form a strong, flexible framework | Skeletal system |
Connective tissue in which matrix is hardened by deposition of calcium phosphate and other minerals | Osseous tissue |
Covers the surface of a bone which is part of a joint | Articular cartilage |
Fracture caused by abnormal trauma to a bone | Stress fracture |
Head of bone found at each end | Epiphysis |
Minute holes penetrating the bone... | Nutrient foramina |
Secreted by the parathyroid hormone and is released when blood calcium is low | PTH |
Shaft of the bone | Diaphysis |
Sheath which covers the external portion of a bone | Periosteum |
Spongy layer of bone within the cranium | Diploe |
Sternum and shoulder blade | Flat bones |
Study of bone | Osteology |
Thin layer of connective tissue which lines the internal marrow cavity | Endosteum |
Vertebrae | Irregular bones |
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