Nutrition P&P Word Scramble
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Question | Answer |
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) define. | Energy needed to maintain life-sustaining activities for a specific period of time. |
Resting Energy Expenditure (REE) define. | Measurement that accounts for BMR plus energy to digest meals & perform mild activity. |
What are nutrients? | Elements necessary for body processes & function. |
Where do nutrients come from? | Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, water, vitamins, minerals. |
Nutrient density define. | Proportion of essential nutrients such as fruits & vegetables, provide a large number of nutrients in relationship to kilocalories. |
What is a kilocalorie (kcal)? | Equivalent to 1000 cal, and is the amount of heat energy required to raise or lower one kilogram (1 kg) of pure liquid water by 1º C or 1º K. Cal and kcal are used interchangeable, but do not mean the same. Kcal = dietary calorie. |
Carbohydrates | Main source of energy in diet; each gram of produces 4 kcal. |
Carbohydrates | Main source of energy for the brain, skeletal muscles during exercise, erythrocyte/leukocyte production, and cell function of renal medulla. |
Saccharides | Carbohydrate units. |
Simple Carbohydrates | Monosaccharides & disaccharides; usually found in sugar. |
Fiber | Polysaccharide that can not be digested, adds bulk to fecal matter. |
Protein | Source of 4 kcal, necessary for synthesis of body tissue, maintenence, and repair. |
Other things made of protein. | Collagen, hormones, enzymes, immune cells, DNA/RNA. |
Amino Acid | Basic component of protein. |
Essential/Indispensable amino acids | Body cannot synthesize but must have provided in the diet. |
Examples of essential amino acids | Histidine, lysine, phenlyalanine. |
Nonessential/Dispensable amino acids | Those which the body can synthesize. |
Exampless of nonessential amino acids | Alanine, asparagine, glutamic acid. |
Simple protein define and example. | Contain ONLY amino acids or their derivatives; albumin and insulin. |
Complex protein define and example. | Combination of amino acids nonprotein substances; lipoproteins. |
Complete protein define and examples. | Contains all essential amino acids in sufficient quantity; Fish, chicken, soybean, turkey, and cheese. |
Incomplete protein define and examples. | Missing 1 or more of the 9 essential amino acids; Cereals, legumes, vegetables. |
Complementary proteins define. | Pairs of incomplete proteins that when combined supply the total amount of protein provided by complete protein sources. |
Nitrogen Balance explain. | Nitrogen is necessary for any muscular growth. If negative, muscle protein is used. If positive, muscle protein is spared and growth occurs. |
Lipids | Fats are the most caloric dense nutrient, provide 9 kcal composed of triglycerides and fatty acids. |
Triglycerides | Circulate in the blood & made up of the three fatty acids attached to a glycerol. |
Fatty Acids | Composed of chains of carbon & hydrogen atoms with an acid group on one end of the chain & a methyl group at the other. |
Saturated | Each carbon in the chain has two attached hydrogen atoms. |
Unsaturated | An unequal number of hydrogen atoms are attached & the carbon atoms attach to each other with a double bond. |
Monounsaturated | Fatty acids have one double bond |
Polyunsaturated | Fatty acids have two or more double carbon bonds. |
Essential fatty acids. | Linoleic acid, only one in humans. Lenolenic acid and arachidonic acid are manufactured when linoleic acid is present. |
What makes up what percentage of body weight? | 60-70% |
What 2 locations is most of the water found in the body? | Blood and muscle. |
Vitamins | Used as catalysts in biochemical reactions, found in raw, fresh vegetables/fruits. |
Antioxidants | Neutralize substances called free radicals including Beta-carotene, Vit A, C, E. |
Fat-Soluble Vitamins (A,D,E, & K) | Can be stored in the body; All except D are provided in diet, D is produced in body. |
Hypervitaminosis | Megadose (intentional or unintentional) of supplemental vitamins, usually occurs with fat-soluable b/c can build up to toxic amounts that are trapped in fat. |
Water-Soluble Vitamins (C & B) | Not stored in the body, all provided in the diet. |
Minerals | Inorganic elements essential to the body as catalysts in biochemical reactions. |
Macrominerals | Daily requirement is 100 mg or more |
Trace Element | When less than 100 mg is needed daily. |
Enzymes | Proteinlike substances that act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions, usually has 1 specific function. |
Enzyme activity depends on what function of the mouth? | Mechanical breakdown that increases surface area for chemical action. |
Which nerve stimulates the GI tract and increase motility? | Vagas nerve (parasympathetic) |
Dysphagia | Difficulty swallowing. |
Where is the cardiac sphincter and what causes it to relax? | Above the stomach; pressure from bolus causes relaxation. |
Where is the fundus located? | Upper most portion of the stomach. |
Stomach's chief cells secrete what? | Pepsinogen. |
Pyloric glands secrete what? | Gastrin. |
Parietal cells secrete what? | HCl and intrinsic factor. |
Chyme | Liquefied, acidic mass of food. |
Small intestine secrete what 2 hormones? | Secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK) |
Bile manufactured, function? | Manufactured in the liver, stored in gallbladder, emulsifies fat to increase surface area. |
Pancreatic secretions contain which 6 enzymes? | Amylase, lipase, trypsin, elastase, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase. |
Epithelial cells of the villi secret? | Sucrase, lactase, maltase, lipase, peptidase. |
Digestion and absorption of nutrients mostly occur where? | Small intestine. |
Carbs, protein, minerals, and water-soluable vits absorbed? | Small intestine>Processed in liver>released into portal vein circulation. |
Fatty acid absorbed? | Lacteal ducts in the microvilli>lymphatic circulatory system. |
Electrolytes and minerals are absorbed, Vit K and B complex are formed where? | Large intestine. |
Metabolism | All biochemical reactions within the cells of the body. |
Anabolism | Building of more complex biochemical substances by synthesis of nutrients. |
Catabolism | Breakdown of biochemical substances into smaller substances, occurs during negative nitrogen balance. |
Body's major form of reseve energy? | Fat stored in adipose tissue. |
Major site of protein storage? | Skeletal muscles. |
What are the 2 types of cells that do not metabolize fatty acids? | Red blood cells and neurons. |
Ketones | Oxidized fatty acids; energy in the absence of dietary carbohydrates (glucose). |
Glycogen is stored where? | Liver and muscle tissue. |
Glycogenolysis | Catabolism of glycogen into glucose, carbon dioxide & water. |
Glycogenesis | Anabolism of glucose into glycogen for storage. |
Gluconeogenesis | Catabolism of amino acids & glycerol into glucose for energy. |
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) | Acceptable range of amounts of vitamins and nutrients to avoid deficiencies or toxicities. |
Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) | Recommended amount of a nutrient that appears sufficient to maintain a body function for 50% of the population. |
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) | Average needs of 98% of the population. |
Adequate Intake (AI) | Suggested intake for the individual based on observed estimates and is used when there is not enough evidence to set RDA. |
Upper Intake Level (UL) | Highest level tha tis likely poses no risk of adverse health events, not a recommended level of intake. |
Daily Values | Food labels were created by the Food & Drug Administration in response to the 1990 Nutrition Labeling & Education Act. |
Anorexia define. | Lack of appetite or ability to eat. |
Anorexia Nervosa | Refusal to maintain body wt.; intense fear of gaining wt.; disturbance in body wt., size, or shape; Females haven't had period in 3 + consecutive months. |
Bulimia Nervosa | Binge eating (reoccuring); Feel of lack of control over binge eating; self-induced vomitting; 2+ binge eatings/week for 3+ months. |
Vegetarianism | Consumption of diet consisting predominately of plant foods. |
Anthropometry | Measurement system of size & make up of body. |
Body Mass Index (BMI) | Measure wt.correct for height & serves as an alternative to traditional height-weight relationships. |
Ideal Body Weight (IBW) | Provides an estimate of what a person should weigh. |
Enteral Nutrition (EN) | Nutrients given via the GI tract. |
Parenteral Nutrition (PN) | Form of specialized nutrient support in which nutrients are provided intravenously. |
Lipid Emulsions | Provide supplemental kilocalories & prevent essential fatty acid deficiencies. |
Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT) | Use of specific nutritional therapies to treat an illness, injury, or condition. |
When feeding tubes are first positioned, verification is doen by: | X-ray confirmation. |
Parenteral nutrition is used when the client is: | Experiencing a condition resulting in gastrointestinal dysfunction. |
The bacteria that causes peptic ulcers is: | Helicobacter pylori. |
Inflammatory Bowel Disease include? | Crohn's disease & idiopathic ulcerative colitis. |
Nutritional therapy for hypertension includes: | Kcal reduction to promote weight loss as appropriate, decreased sodium intake, & potassium-rich foods if potassium-wasting diuretics are part of the treatment. |
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