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Nutrition P&P
Potter and Perry 7th Edition Chapter 44
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) define. | Energy needed to maintain life-sustaining activities for a specific period of time. |
| Resting Energy Expenditure (REE) define. | Measurement that accounts for BMR plus energy to digest meals & perform mild activity. |
| What are nutrients? | Elements necessary for body processes & function. |
| Where do nutrients come from? | Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, water, vitamins, minerals. |
| Nutrient density define. | Proportion of essential nutrients such as fruits & vegetables, provide a large number of nutrients in relationship to kilocalories. |
| What is a kilocalorie (kcal)? | Equivalent to 1000 cal, and is the amount of heat energy required to raise or lower one kilogram (1 kg) of pure liquid water by 1º C or 1º K. Cal and kcal are used interchangeable, but do not mean the same. Kcal = dietary calorie. |
| Carbohydrates | Main source of energy in diet; each gram of produces 4 kcal. |
| Carbohydrates | Main source of energy for the brain, skeletal muscles during exercise, erythrocyte/leukocyte production, and cell function of renal medulla. |
| Saccharides | Carbohydrate units. |
| Simple Carbohydrates | Monosaccharides & disaccharides; usually found in sugar. |
| Fiber | Polysaccharide that can not be digested, adds bulk to fecal matter. |
| Protein | Source of 4 kcal, necessary for synthesis of body tissue, maintenence, and repair. |
| Other things made of protein. | Collagen, hormones, enzymes, immune cells, DNA/RNA. |
| Amino Acid | Basic component of protein. |
| Essential/Indispensable amino acids | Body cannot synthesize but must have provided in the diet. |
| Examples of essential amino acids | Histidine, lysine, phenlyalanine. |
| Nonessential/Dispensable amino acids | Those which the body can synthesize. |
| Exampless of nonessential amino acids | Alanine, asparagine, glutamic acid. |
| Simple protein define and example. | Contain ONLY amino acids or their derivatives; albumin and insulin. |
| Complex protein define and example. | Combination of amino acids nonprotein substances; lipoproteins. |
| Complete protein define and examples. | Contains all essential amino acids in sufficient quantity; Fish, chicken, soybean, turkey, and cheese. |
| Incomplete protein define and examples. | Missing 1 or more of the 9 essential amino acids; Cereals, legumes, vegetables. |
| Complementary proteins define. | Pairs of incomplete proteins that when combined supply the total amount of protein provided by complete protein sources. |
| Nitrogen Balance explain. | Nitrogen is necessary for any muscular growth. If negative, muscle protein is used. If positive, muscle protein is spared and growth occurs. |
| Lipids | Fats are the most caloric dense nutrient, provide 9 kcal composed of triglycerides and fatty acids. |
| Triglycerides | Circulate in the blood & made up of the three fatty acids attached to a glycerol. |
| Fatty Acids | Composed of chains of carbon & hydrogen atoms with an acid group on one end of the chain & a methyl group at the other. |
| Saturated | Each carbon in the chain has two attached hydrogen atoms. |
| Unsaturated | An unequal number of hydrogen atoms are attached & the carbon atoms attach to each other with a double bond. |
| Monounsaturated | Fatty acids have one double bond |
| Polyunsaturated | Fatty acids have two or more double carbon bonds. |
| Essential fatty acids. | Linoleic acid, only one in humans. Lenolenic acid and arachidonic acid are manufactured when linoleic acid is present. |
| What makes up what percentage of body weight? | 60-70% |
| What 2 locations is most of the water found in the body? | Blood and muscle. |
| Vitamins | Used as catalysts in biochemical reactions, found in raw, fresh vegetables/fruits. |
| Antioxidants | Neutralize substances called free radicals including Beta-carotene, Vit A, C, E. |
| Fat-Soluble Vitamins (A,D,E, & K) | Can be stored in the body; All except D are provided in diet, D is produced in body. |
| Hypervitaminosis | Megadose (intentional or unintentional) of supplemental vitamins, usually occurs with fat-soluable b/c can build up to toxic amounts that are trapped in fat. |
| Water-Soluble Vitamins (C & B) | Not stored in the body, all provided in the diet. |
| Minerals | Inorganic elements essential to the body as catalysts in biochemical reactions. |
| Macrominerals | Daily requirement is 100 mg or more |
| Trace Element | When less than 100 mg is needed daily. |
| Enzymes | Proteinlike substances that act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions, usually has 1 specific function. |
| Enzyme activity depends on what function of the mouth? | Mechanical breakdown that increases surface area for chemical action. |
| Which nerve stimulates the GI tract and increase motility? | Vagas nerve (parasympathetic) |
| Dysphagia | Difficulty swallowing. |
| Where is the cardiac sphincter and what causes it to relax? | Above the stomach; pressure from bolus causes relaxation. |
| Where is the fundus located? | Upper most portion of the stomach. |
| Stomach's chief cells secrete what? | Pepsinogen. |
| Pyloric glands secrete what? | Gastrin. |
| Parietal cells secrete what? | HCl and intrinsic factor. |
| Chyme | Liquefied, acidic mass of food. |
| Small intestine secrete what 2 hormones? | Secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK) |
| Bile manufactured, function? | Manufactured in the liver, stored in gallbladder, emulsifies fat to increase surface area. |
| Pancreatic secretions contain which 6 enzymes? | Amylase, lipase, trypsin, elastase, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase. |
| Epithelial cells of the villi secret? | Sucrase, lactase, maltase, lipase, peptidase. |
| Digestion and absorption of nutrients mostly occur where? | Small intestine. |
| Carbs, protein, minerals, and water-soluable vits absorbed? | Small intestine>Processed in liver>released into portal vein circulation. |
| Fatty acid absorbed? | Lacteal ducts in the microvilli>lymphatic circulatory system. |
| Electrolytes and minerals are absorbed, Vit K and B complex are formed where? | Large intestine. |
| Metabolism | All biochemical reactions within the cells of the body. |
| Anabolism | Building of more complex biochemical substances by synthesis of nutrients. |
| Catabolism | Breakdown of biochemical substances into smaller substances, occurs during negative nitrogen balance. |
| Body's major form of reseve energy? | Fat stored in adipose tissue. |
| Major site of protein storage? | Skeletal muscles. |
| What are the 2 types of cells that do not metabolize fatty acids? | Red blood cells and neurons. |
| Ketones | Oxidized fatty acids; energy in the absence of dietary carbohydrates (glucose). |
| Glycogen is stored where? | Liver and muscle tissue. |
| Glycogenolysis | Catabolism of glycogen into glucose, carbon dioxide & water. |
| Glycogenesis | Anabolism of glucose into glycogen for storage. |
| Gluconeogenesis | Catabolism of amino acids & glycerol into glucose for energy. |
| Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) | Acceptable range of amounts of vitamins and nutrients to avoid deficiencies or toxicities. |
| Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) | Recommended amount of a nutrient that appears sufficient to maintain a body function for 50% of the population. |
| Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) | Average needs of 98% of the population. |
| Adequate Intake (AI) | Suggested intake for the individual based on observed estimates and is used when there is not enough evidence to set RDA. |
| Upper Intake Level (UL) | Highest level tha tis likely poses no risk of adverse health events, not a recommended level of intake. |
| Daily Values | Food labels were created by the Food & Drug Administration in response to the 1990 Nutrition Labeling & Education Act. |
| Anorexia define. | Lack of appetite or ability to eat. |
| Anorexia Nervosa | Refusal to maintain body wt.; intense fear of gaining wt.; disturbance in body wt., size, or shape; Females haven't had period in 3 + consecutive months. |
| Bulimia Nervosa | Binge eating (reoccuring); Feel of lack of control over binge eating; self-induced vomitting; 2+ binge eatings/week for 3+ months. |
| Vegetarianism | Consumption of diet consisting predominately of plant foods. |
| Anthropometry | Measurement system of size & make up of body. |
| Body Mass Index (BMI) | Measure wt.correct for height & serves as an alternative to traditional height-weight relationships. |
| Ideal Body Weight (IBW) | Provides an estimate of what a person should weigh. |
| Enteral Nutrition (EN) | Nutrients given via the GI tract. |
| Parenteral Nutrition (PN) | Form of specialized nutrient support in which nutrients are provided intravenously. |
| Lipid Emulsions | Provide supplemental kilocalories & prevent essential fatty acid deficiencies. |
| Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT) | Use of specific nutritional therapies to treat an illness, injury, or condition. |
| When feeding tubes are first positioned, verification is doen by: | X-ray confirmation. |
| Parenteral nutrition is used when the client is: | Experiencing a condition resulting in gastrointestinal dysfunction. |
| The bacteria that causes peptic ulcers is: | Helicobacter pylori. |
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease include? | Crohn's disease & idiopathic ulcerative colitis. |
| Nutritional therapy for hypertension includes: | Kcal reduction to promote weight loss as appropriate, decreased sodium intake, & potassium-rich foods if potassium-wasting diuretics are part of the treatment. |
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