ZOOL 320 - CH 18 Word Scramble
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Question | Answer |
Clearly a maniraptoran theropod. | Archaeopteryx |
What is the difference between Jurassic bird Archaeopteryx and modern birds? | Braincase expanded, bones of wing coalesced, ribs expanded, pelvis infused into a solid structure, tail reduced, sternum and breastbone enlarged. |
Some think that it may not be a bird but a dromaeosaur because it has slashing second toe. | Rahonavis |
Retailed long bony tail well after other Mesozoic birds had reduced tail. | Rahonavis |
Has some synapomorphies with other birds. | Rahonavis |
Shaft of ulna much thicker than shaft of radius and their fibula does not reach proximal tarsals. | Rahovanis and Jeholornis |
Acromion process on scapula. Ulna shaft thicker than shaft of radius. Ulnar papillae for wing feather insertion. | Rahonavis |
Fibula does not reach proximal tarsals. | Rahonavis |
Cursorial terrestrial predators | dromeosaurs |
grasping arms. swivel writs join. posteriorly directed pubis. | dromeosaurs |
basically terrestrial, with flapping flight | caudipteryx and archeopteryx |
symmetrical vaned feathers on wings and tail. down-like feathers on body. long tail. | caudipteryx |
asymmetrical vaned wing and tail feathers. longer arms. reduced tail. | archaeopteryx |
arboreal | iberomesornis |
strut-like coracoid. fused pelvis. pygostyle. reduced foot claws. | iberomesornis |
improved low speed flight | enetiornithes |
increased skeletal fusion. deeper sternum. alula. shorter tail. | enetiornithes |
shorter back and tail. deeper sternum and keel. more compact back and hip. | ichthyornithiformes |
essentially modern flight | icthyornithiformnes |
extant birds | neornithes |
The decoupling of these caused hip-extension to knee-flexion. | tail-hindlimb decoupling |
Has a pygostyle characteristic | confusiusornithidae of pygostylia |
has 13 cervical vertebrae | oviraptorosauria |
strut-like coracoid, triosseal canal, 13 cervical vertebrae, alula | enantiornithes of ornithothoraces |
formed form fusion of caudal vertebrae to support tail feathers. | pygostyle |
adaptation for slow flight like on Eoalulavis | alula |
alula provides mid-wing slot on these type of birds | modern birds |
A type of Ornithothoraces. | Sinornis |
ossified sternum, trosseal canal, shorter tail, 11 dorsal vertebrae, center of mass toward forelimbs, hand shorter than forearm or humerus, tarsometatarsus and tibiotarsus. | Sinornis |
Types of Ornithomorpha. | Patagopteryx and Vorona |
metacaprals 2 and 3 partially or completely fused distally. complete fusion of metatarsals 2,3,4. | orhithomorpha |
sharp-pointed anterior process of quadrate, globe-shaped proximal head of humerus, pubis runs back parallel to ischium and ileum. | ornithurae |
a type of ornithurae | hesperornithiformes |
a type of carinatae | ichthyornithiformes |
ungual phalanx of major digit(finger 2) absent | carinatae |
a type of neornithes | palaeognathae |
teeth lost | neornithes |
consist primitively of paleognathae and neognathae. | neornithes |
vomer lost or reduced. moveable joint between palatine and pterygoid. pterygoid/braincase articulation lost. (derived palate) | neognathae |
during their development, ascending process starts out on astagalus and then switches to calcaneum. | neognaths |
modern paleognaths | ratites |
flightless birds of southern continents | paleoghaths |
tinamou and rhea of south america | palaeognaths |
emu of australia | palaeognaths |
ostrich of africa | palaeognaths |
kiwi of new zealand | palaeognaths |
cassowary of new guinea | palaeoghaths |
indicates that flightless ratites evolved form ancestors with flight | keeled sternum with palaeognathous palate |
indicates that most avian orders originated after Mesozoic | older fossil record of birds |
fossils and molecules lead to different conclusions with this saying that diversification occured in earliest Tertiary | classical view of the fossil record |
fossils and molecules lead to different conclusions with this saying that some lineages of modern birds predated K-T boundary. | molecular dating of the radiation |
molecular clock must be calibrated with date of relevant fossils. fossils must be complete enough for cladistic analysis. fossils must be accurately dated. | issues with fossils and molecules |
first cretaceous modern bird | galliformes |
second cretaceous modern bird | anseriformes |
third cretaceous modern bird | gruiformes |
fourth cretaceous modern bird | struthioniformes |
fifth cretaceous modern bird | passeriformes |
diversification of Neorthines into paleognaths and neoghaths took place in this period. | Cretaceous |
filled the niche of theropod dinosaurs that went extinct. had huge heads with bone-crushing jaws. | terror birds of the early Cenozoic |
giant vultures and dodo | terror birds of the early Cenozoic |
Ratites are what kind of clade? | monophyletic |
Where are these rarities found? Tinamous, ostrich, rheas? | Africa and South America |
Where are these rarities found? Kiwis, Cassowaries, emu? | Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea |
chickens and reltives belong in which group of neoghathae? | galliformes |
ducks and realtives belong in which group of neognathae? | anseriformes |
other neognathae that are not galliformes or anseriformes are called what? | neoaves |
anseriformes and galliformes are under the taxa | galoanserae |
perching birds. 6000 species. most speciose order. | peasseriformes |
ovenbirds, 6 families, limited songs, primarily South and Central America. | suboscines |
70 families, complex songs, worldwide. | oscines |
has no synapomorphies | neoaves |
birds as different as parrots, chickens, and eagles have almost identical what? | skeletal structure |
what accounts for the shortage of morphological synapomorphies for neoaves? | flight. appears to have been an enormous constraint on avian skeletons |
extensive moleuclar phylogeny of modern birds reveals a huge what? | surprises |
caprimulgiforms and hummingbirds/swifts are a what? | clade |
grebes are a clade with what? | flamingos |
herons and egrets are nested within what? | pelicans |
unusual frugivorous african birds are related to what? | seabirds |
mousebirds are related to what? | owls |
falcons are no longer raptors. they are related to what? | parrots and passerines |
this adaptation in passeriformes includes tendons in their sheaths | perhcing |
most morphological variation in birds is in their what? | bills |
they have extensive cranial kinesis | birds |
elongate hyoid bones enclosed by circular muscles. contraction of the muscles pushes the bones forward and causes the tongue to project. these are elaborate feeding adaptations in what? | woodpeckers |
while similar in morphology, birds are highly diverse in what? | behavior |
Drepanidninae in Fringillidae | Hawaiian honeycreepers |
description: short stout humerus. ulna supports wing feathers. four carpals, two distal ones fused with metacarpals to form carpometacarpus. | neoaves forelimb |
descrip: 3 fingers. pollux short, 2nd finger with 2 phalanges, 3rd finger with 1 phalanx. fingers buried in flesh, support primary flight feathers. | neoaves forelimb |
main joint of foot in middle of tarsus. proximal elements fused with tibia to firm tibiotarsus. distal elements fused with metatarsals to form tarsometatarus. | neoaves hindlimb |
3 middle toes well developed, first toe often reduced or absent with incomplete metatarsal and turned to rear. 3 principal metatarsals fused into single element with separate distal ends for toes 3, 4 and 5 phalanges, but central toe the longest | neoaves hindlimb |
posterior dorsal and proximal caudal vertebrae joined to original sacral vertebrate to form elongate synsacrum. | neoaves pelvic region |
ilium elongated and bound to synsacrum. ischium braced to ilium. pubis and ischium fused dorsally. tail short with 6 small free vertebrae, then fused into pygostyle for support of tail feathers | neoaves pelvic region |
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