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ZOOL 320 - CH 18
Radiation of Birds
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Clearly a maniraptoran theropod. | Archaeopteryx |
| What is the difference between Jurassic bird Archaeopteryx and modern birds? | Braincase expanded, bones of wing coalesced, ribs expanded, pelvis infused into a solid structure, tail reduced, sternum and breastbone enlarged. |
| Some think that it may not be a bird but a dromaeosaur because it has slashing second toe. | Rahonavis |
| Retailed long bony tail well after other Mesozoic birds had reduced tail. | Rahonavis |
| Has some synapomorphies with other birds. | Rahonavis |
| Shaft of ulna much thicker than shaft of radius and their fibula does not reach proximal tarsals. | Rahovanis and Jeholornis |
| Acromion process on scapula. Ulna shaft thicker than shaft of radius. Ulnar papillae for wing feather insertion. | Rahonavis |
| Fibula does not reach proximal tarsals. | Rahonavis |
| Cursorial terrestrial predators | dromeosaurs |
| grasping arms. swivel writs join. posteriorly directed pubis. | dromeosaurs |
| basically terrestrial, with flapping flight | caudipteryx and archeopteryx |
| symmetrical vaned feathers on wings and tail. down-like feathers on body. long tail. | caudipteryx |
| asymmetrical vaned wing and tail feathers. longer arms. reduced tail. | archaeopteryx |
| arboreal | iberomesornis |
| strut-like coracoid. fused pelvis. pygostyle. reduced foot claws. | iberomesornis |
| improved low speed flight | enetiornithes |
| increased skeletal fusion. deeper sternum. alula. shorter tail. | enetiornithes |
| shorter back and tail. deeper sternum and keel. more compact back and hip. | ichthyornithiformes |
| essentially modern flight | icthyornithiformnes |
| extant birds | neornithes |
| The decoupling of these caused hip-extension to knee-flexion. | tail-hindlimb decoupling |
| Has a pygostyle characteristic | confusiusornithidae of pygostylia |
| has 13 cervical vertebrae | oviraptorosauria |
| strut-like coracoid, triosseal canal, 13 cervical vertebrae, alula | enantiornithes of ornithothoraces |
| formed form fusion of caudal vertebrae to support tail feathers. | pygostyle |
| adaptation for slow flight like on Eoalulavis | alula |
| alula provides mid-wing slot on these type of birds | modern birds |
| A type of Ornithothoraces. | Sinornis |
| ossified sternum, trosseal canal, shorter tail, 11 dorsal vertebrae, center of mass toward forelimbs, hand shorter than forearm or humerus, tarsometatarsus and tibiotarsus. | Sinornis |
| Types of Ornithomorpha. | Patagopteryx and Vorona |
| metacaprals 2 and 3 partially or completely fused distally. complete fusion of metatarsals 2,3,4. | orhithomorpha |
| sharp-pointed anterior process of quadrate, globe-shaped proximal head of humerus, pubis runs back parallel to ischium and ileum. | ornithurae |
| a type of ornithurae | hesperornithiformes |
| a type of carinatae | ichthyornithiformes |
| ungual phalanx of major digit(finger 2) absent | carinatae |
| a type of neornithes | palaeognathae |
| teeth lost | neornithes |
| consist primitively of paleognathae and neognathae. | neornithes |
| vomer lost or reduced. moveable joint between palatine and pterygoid. pterygoid/braincase articulation lost. (derived palate) | neognathae |
| during their development, ascending process starts out on astagalus and then switches to calcaneum. | neognaths |
| modern paleognaths | ratites |
| flightless birds of southern continents | paleoghaths |
| tinamou and rhea of south america | palaeognaths |
| emu of australia | palaeognaths |
| ostrich of africa | palaeognaths |
| kiwi of new zealand | palaeognaths |
| cassowary of new guinea | palaeoghaths |
| indicates that flightless ratites evolved form ancestors with flight | keeled sternum with palaeognathous palate |
| indicates that most avian orders originated after Mesozoic | older fossil record of birds |
| fossils and molecules lead to different conclusions with this saying that diversification occured in earliest Tertiary | classical view of the fossil record |
| fossils and molecules lead to different conclusions with this saying that some lineages of modern birds predated K-T boundary. | molecular dating of the radiation |
| molecular clock must be calibrated with date of relevant fossils. fossils must be complete enough for cladistic analysis. fossils must be accurately dated. | issues with fossils and molecules |
| first cretaceous modern bird | galliformes |
| second cretaceous modern bird | anseriformes |
| third cretaceous modern bird | gruiformes |
| fourth cretaceous modern bird | struthioniformes |
| fifth cretaceous modern bird | passeriformes |
| diversification of Neorthines into paleognaths and neoghaths took place in this period. | Cretaceous |
| filled the niche of theropod dinosaurs that went extinct. had huge heads with bone-crushing jaws. | terror birds of the early Cenozoic |
| giant vultures and dodo | terror birds of the early Cenozoic |
| Ratites are what kind of clade? | monophyletic |
| Where are these rarities found? Tinamous, ostrich, rheas? | Africa and South America |
| Where are these rarities found? Kiwis, Cassowaries, emu? | Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea |
| chickens and reltives belong in which group of neoghathae? | galliformes |
| ducks and realtives belong in which group of neognathae? | anseriformes |
| other neognathae that are not galliformes or anseriformes are called what? | neoaves |
| anseriformes and galliformes are under the taxa | galoanserae |
| perching birds. 6000 species. most speciose order. | peasseriformes |
| ovenbirds, 6 families, limited songs, primarily South and Central America. | suboscines |
| 70 families, complex songs, worldwide. | oscines |
| has no synapomorphies | neoaves |
| birds as different as parrots, chickens, and eagles have almost identical what? | skeletal structure |
| what accounts for the shortage of morphological synapomorphies for neoaves? | flight. appears to have been an enormous constraint on avian skeletons |
| extensive moleuclar phylogeny of modern birds reveals a huge what? | surprises |
| caprimulgiforms and hummingbirds/swifts are a what? | clade |
| grebes are a clade with what? | flamingos |
| herons and egrets are nested within what? | pelicans |
| unusual frugivorous african birds are related to what? | seabirds |
| mousebirds are related to what? | owls |
| falcons are no longer raptors. they are related to what? | parrots and passerines |
| this adaptation in passeriformes includes tendons in their sheaths | perhcing |
| most morphological variation in birds is in their what? | bills |
| they have extensive cranial kinesis | birds |
| elongate hyoid bones enclosed by circular muscles. contraction of the muscles pushes the bones forward and causes the tongue to project. these are elaborate feeding adaptations in what? | woodpeckers |
| while similar in morphology, birds are highly diverse in what? | behavior |
| Drepanidninae in Fringillidae | Hawaiian honeycreepers |
| description: short stout humerus. ulna supports wing feathers. four carpals, two distal ones fused with metacarpals to form carpometacarpus. | neoaves forelimb |
| descrip: 3 fingers. pollux short, 2nd finger with 2 phalanges, 3rd finger with 1 phalanx. fingers buried in flesh, support primary flight feathers. | neoaves forelimb |
| main joint of foot in middle of tarsus. proximal elements fused with tibia to firm tibiotarsus. distal elements fused with metatarsals to form tarsometatarus. | neoaves hindlimb |
| 3 middle toes well developed, first toe often reduced or absent with incomplete metatarsal and turned to rear. 3 principal metatarsals fused into single element with separate distal ends for toes 3, 4 and 5 phalanges, but central toe the longest | neoaves hindlimb |
| posterior dorsal and proximal caudal vertebrae joined to original sacral vertebrate to form elongate synsacrum. | neoaves pelvic region |
| ilium elongated and bound to synsacrum. ischium braced to ilium. pubis and ischium fused dorsally. tail short with 6 small free vertebrae, then fused into pygostyle for support of tail feathers | neoaves pelvic region |
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dominatrix
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