nrtc OB chapters 2&3 Word Scramble
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Question | Answer |
period of rapid change to mature the reproductive systems | puberty |
when does puberty start/end | starts when secondary sex characteristics appear/ends when the mature sperm are formed and when the menstrual cycle occurs |
menarche | first menstrual period |
surrounds delicate tissue, protects vagina from injury, covered by pubic hair | mons pubis |
obstetric perineum | labia minora both meet at the fourchette above the anus/ often the site for lacerations during childbirth |
introitus & hymen | vaginal opening & thin elastic membrane just inside the vaginal opening |
the 5 structures that make up the Vestibule | urethral meatus, Skene's ducts, ducts from Bartholin's glands (2), fourchette |
area between the vagina & anus | perineum |
episiotomy | incision in the perineal area to prevent tears in the tissues during childbirth |
dyspareunia | pelvic weakness or painful intercourse |
female organs of reproduction | ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina |
folds that allow the vagina to stretch during childbirth | rugae |
functions of the vagina | passageway for uterine secretions and menstrual flow escapes the uterus, sexual intercourse, part of the birth canal |
Bartholin's glands | provide lubrication to the vagina during arousal-not visible |
normal vaginal pH after puberty | 4-5 |
round & broad ligaments | supports the uterus and during pregnancy becomes stretched-causes discomfort |
the 3 parts of the uterus | fundus (upper/round), corpus (body), cervix (lower) |
the 3 layers that make up the fundus & corpus of the uterus | perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium |
functions of the mucosal lining of the cervix | vaginal lubrications, bacteriostatic agent, alkaline environment to protect sperm from acidic vagina |
3 functions of the uterus | menstruation, pregnancy, labor/delivery |
small finger-like projections extending from the ends of fallopian tubes | fimbriae |
functions of the fallopian tubes | passageway for sperm to meet ovum, fertilization site, safe/nourishing environment for ovum/zygote (fertilized ovum), transportation for the ovum/zygotes to the corpus of uterus |
graafian follicle | mature follicle that contains the ovum that is released during ovulation |
progesterone | maintain/repairs the lining of the uterus for implantation of the ovum |
functions of ovaries | development/maturation/expulsion of ovum, secretes hormones ( estrogen/progesterone) |
climacteric | menopause |
4 bones that make up the pelvis | 2 innominate bones (hip bones), sacrum, coccyx |
fuse to make up the innominate bones | ilium, ischium, pubis |
false pelvis | upper part of the pelvis |
ischial spines | important landmarks that represent the shortest distance of the pelvic cavity/used to determine how far the fetal head has descended into the birth canal |
symphysis pubis | rounded arch under which the fetal head must pass through to emerge from the birth canal |
linea terminalis | imaginary line that separates the pelvis into true/false pelvis |
true pelvis | lower part of pelvis-consists of the inlet, pelvic cavity, and outlet-MOST important during childbirth |
what determines the size and shape of the pelvis | bony circumference of the true pelvis-sacrum/coccyx/lower part of the innominate bones |
why is the pubic arch assessed | for curvature-determine type of pelvis |
diagonal conjugate | used to predict pelvic size- distance from lower part of the symphysis pubis to the sacral promontory |
how is the diagonal conjugate measured | 2 fingers placed in the vagina and touching the sacral promontory-distance is usually 11.5cm |
the 4 basic pelvic types | gynecoid (normal), android (male), anthropoid (long), platypelloid (wide/transverse) |
female reproductive life begin/ends | begin with puberty/ends with menopause |
when does ovulation occur | 14 days before the beginning of the next menstrual cycle-ovum is fertile for the next 24hrs |
how many days can the sperm survive | 5 days |
lactation | producing milk to feed and nourish the infant |
acini is found where and what is it's function | found in the lining of the alveoli (in breasts) and secretes the milk |
myoepithelial cells | contractile cells that contract the alveolus an deject milk into the lactiferous ducts (ducts in the nipple where the infant gets the milk as they suck) |
what hormone is released when the infant sucks | prolactin-stimulates the acini to produce milk |
oxytocin | stimulates the contraction of the myoepithelial cells |
does breast size indicate the amount of milk to be produced | NO |
DNA | master protein that controls the development and functioning of all cells |
the 4 molecules that make up DNA | adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine |
chromosomes | thread-like spiral structures found in the nucleus of each cell-contain DNA |
how many chromosomes are in each cell within the human body | 46 |
gametes | sex cells-1 pair in each human body cell |
genes | makes up the chromosomes-segments of DNA that control heredity |
mitosis | continuous/body grows & develops and dead body cells are replaced, each daughter cell contains the same number # of chromosomes as parent cell |
meiosis | reproductive cells undergo 2 sequential divisions-number of chromosomes in each cell is reduced to half |
spermatogenesis | process of mitosis in the sperm |
diploid number | the 46 chromosomes in a body cell (mitosis) |
haploid number | 23 chromosomes in each cell (meiosis) |
oogenesis | process of mitosis in the ovum |
gametogenesis | the form of gametes by meiosis |
what determines the sex of the baby | type of spermatozoon (sperm cell) that penetrates the ovum |
conception | union of egg and sperm-also called fertilization |
what is the time frame for fertilization of the ovum after its released from the ovary | 6-24hrs |
zygote | formed when the nucleus of the sperm and the ovum unite during fertilization |
morula | solid mass of 16 cells |
blastocyst | formed structure resulting from fluid space forming around the morula ball after large cells mass on it |
trophoblasts | eventually form the placenta-secrete enzymes that allow them to invade the thickened uterine lining |
trophoblastic layer | forms the chorion in pregnancy-cells provide nutrition for the embryo from nutrients carried in the maternal blood-blastocysts mature rapidly |
chorionic villi | root-like projections that reach out from the layer of cells into the uterine endometrium-extend from the chorion into the endometrium-major site of exchange between maternal/fetal circulation |
teratogenic agents | drugs, viruses, radiation, etc. that exert damaging effects on to the developing embryo |
embryonic period | 2-8weeks after conception-most of the basic organ structures are formed |
when is the growing embryo called a fetus | 8 weeks to birth |
ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm | germ cell layers that become all of the tissues and organs of the embryo |
structures derived from the ectoderm | outer layer of skin, oil glands/hair follicles, nails/hair, external sense organs, mucous membrane of mouth/anus |
structures derived from the mesoderm | true skin, skeleton, bone/cartilage, connective tissue, muscles, blood/blood vessels, kidneys/gonads |
structures derived from the endoderm | lining of trachea/pharynx/bronchi/digestive tract/bladder/urethra |
amnion | inner membrane that forms the amniotic cavity |
chorion | outer membrane that encloses the growing amnion |
amniotic sac | the fusion of the amnion & chorion-contains the amniotic fluid |
amniotic fluid | clear/slightly straw colored liquid-98% water and contains traces of protein, glucose, fetal lanugo (hair), fetal urine, and vernix caseosa |
amniocentesis | examining amniotic fluid for diagnostic purposes |
hydramnios | more than 2L of amniotic fluid present at term (end of pregnancy) |
oligohydramnios | 300mL or less of amniotic fluid at term (end of pregnancy) |
normal amount of amniotic fluid present at term | 800-1000mL |
placenta | permits the exchange of materials carried in the bloodstream between the mother and the embryo/fetus |
decidua | lining of the uterus |
functions of the amniotic fluid | allows free movement of embryo/fetus, prevents amnion from adhering to the embryo/fetus, cushions embryo/fetus against injury, maintains constant temperature, fluid homeostasis, prevents umbilical cord compression |
placental functions | protection, nutrition, respiration, excretion, hormone production |
placental transfer | movement of gases, nutrients, waste materials, drugs, other substances across the placenta from maternal to fetal circulation or from fetal to maternal circulation |
what effect does hypertension have on the placental blood flow | it constricts the uterine artery-reduces blood flow |
4 hormones produced by the placenta | progesterone, estrogen, hCG, hPL |
functions of progesterone | maintain uterine lining for implantation of the zygote, reduce uterine contractions to prevent spontaneous abortion, prepare the glands of breast for lactation |
functions of estrogen | stimulate uterine growth, increase the blood flow to uterine vessels, stimulate development of the breast ducts to prepare for lactation |
how many veins/arteries are in the umbilical cord | 2 arteries 1 vein |
Wharton's Jelly | thick substance that is a physical buffer to prevent kinking of the cord and interference with circulation |
umbilical artery | carries deoxygenated blood to the placenta and releases carbon dioxide & other waste products |
umbilical vein | carries oxygen & nutrients from the placenta to the fetus |
at what week in the pregnancy is fetal blood circulation well established | after week 4 |
what are the 3 fetal circulatory shunts | ductus venosus, foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus |
Ductus venosus | diverts some blood away from the liver as it returns from the placenta-closes after birth when the blood flow from the umbilical cord stops |
Foarmen ovale | diverts most blood from the right atrium directly to the left atrium, rather than circulating it to the lungs |
Ductus arteriosus | diverts most blood from the pulmonary artery into the aorta |
when does the foramen ovale close after birth | temporarily within 2hrs after birth and then permanently by age 3months |
when does the ductus arteriosus close after birth | temporarily within 15hrs and permanently in about 3weeks |
when does the ductus venosus close after birth | temporarily when the cord is cut and permanently in about 1week |
what supplement is VITAL during child bearing age | FOLIC ACID |
organogenesis period | first 8 weeks-most critical time for fetal development |
age of viability | 20 weeks gestation-fetus may survive outside the uterus |
surfactant | helps keep the alveoli in the lungs open during respiration-minimal still even at 28 weeks |
what is the term for a fetus born past 42 weeks gestation | postterm or postmature |
multifetal pregnancy | more than one fetus develops in the uterine cavity at the same time |
monozygotic twins | identical-result of splitting from 1 fertilized egg-ovum splits into 2 identical monozygotes sometime before the 15th day of gestation |
dizygotic twins | fraternal (nonidentical) -2 ova are fertilized by 2 sperm-each has its own amniotic sac and placenta |
who is at a higher risk for multifetal pregnancies | older women, those using fertility drugs and in vitro fertilization |
another term for portal circulation | liver circulation |
what causes the foramen ovale to close | pressure changes |
what happens if the ductus arteriosus does not close | the infant develops a PDA (patent ductus arteriosus |
drugs used to treat PDA | IV Indomethicin, IV Ibuprofen, Prostaglandin Inhibitors, NSAIDS |
who is at a higher risk for developing a PDA | premature infants |
Created by:
ABusey83
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