Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
nrtc OB chapters 2&3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| period of rapid change to mature the reproductive systems | puberty |
| when does puberty start/end | starts when secondary sex characteristics appear/ends when the mature sperm are formed and when the menstrual cycle occurs |
| menarche | first menstrual period |
| surrounds delicate tissue, protects vagina from injury, covered by pubic hair | mons pubis |
| obstetric perineum | labia minora both meet at the fourchette above the anus/ often the site for lacerations during childbirth |
| introitus & hymen | vaginal opening & thin elastic membrane just inside the vaginal opening |
| the 5 structures that make up the Vestibule | urethral meatus, Skene's ducts, ducts from Bartholin's glands (2), fourchette |
| area between the vagina & anus | perineum |
| episiotomy | incision in the perineal area to prevent tears in the tissues during childbirth |
| dyspareunia | pelvic weakness or painful intercourse |
| female organs of reproduction | ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina |
| folds that allow the vagina to stretch during childbirth | rugae |
| functions of the vagina | passageway for uterine secretions and menstrual flow escapes the uterus, sexual intercourse, part of the birth canal |
| Bartholin's glands | provide lubrication to the vagina during arousal-not visible |
| normal vaginal pH after puberty | 4-5 |
| round & broad ligaments | supports the uterus and during pregnancy becomes stretched-causes discomfort |
| the 3 parts of the uterus | fundus (upper/round), corpus (body), cervix (lower) |
| the 3 layers that make up the fundus & corpus of the uterus | perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium |
| functions of the mucosal lining of the cervix | vaginal lubrications, bacteriostatic agent, alkaline environment to protect sperm from acidic vagina |
| 3 functions of the uterus | menstruation, pregnancy, labor/delivery |
| small finger-like projections extending from the ends of fallopian tubes | fimbriae |
| functions of the fallopian tubes | passageway for sperm to meet ovum, fertilization site, safe/nourishing environment for ovum/zygote (fertilized ovum), transportation for the ovum/zygotes to the corpus of uterus |
| graafian follicle | mature follicle that contains the ovum that is released during ovulation |
| progesterone | maintain/repairs the lining of the uterus for implantation of the ovum |
| functions of ovaries | development/maturation/expulsion of ovum, secretes hormones ( estrogen/progesterone) |
| climacteric | menopause |
| 4 bones that make up the pelvis | 2 innominate bones (hip bones), sacrum, coccyx |
| fuse to make up the innominate bones | ilium, ischium, pubis |
| false pelvis | upper part of the pelvis |
| ischial spines | important landmarks that represent the shortest distance of the pelvic cavity/used to determine how far the fetal head has descended into the birth canal |
| symphysis pubis | rounded arch under which the fetal head must pass through to emerge from the birth canal |
| linea terminalis | imaginary line that separates the pelvis into true/false pelvis |
| true pelvis | lower part of pelvis-consists of the inlet, pelvic cavity, and outlet-MOST important during childbirth |
| what determines the size and shape of the pelvis | bony circumference of the true pelvis-sacrum/coccyx/lower part of the innominate bones |
| why is the pubic arch assessed | for curvature-determine type of pelvis |
| diagonal conjugate | used to predict pelvic size- distance from lower part of the symphysis pubis to the sacral promontory |
| how is the diagonal conjugate measured | 2 fingers placed in the vagina and touching the sacral promontory-distance is usually 11.5cm |
| the 4 basic pelvic types | gynecoid (normal), android (male), anthropoid (long), platypelloid (wide/transverse) |
| female reproductive life begin/ends | begin with puberty/ends with menopause |
| when does ovulation occur | 14 days before the beginning of the next menstrual cycle-ovum is fertile for the next 24hrs |
| how many days can the sperm survive | 5 days |
| lactation | producing milk to feed and nourish the infant |
| acini is found where and what is it's function | found in the lining of the alveoli (in breasts) and secretes the milk |
| myoepithelial cells | contractile cells that contract the alveolus an deject milk into the lactiferous ducts (ducts in the nipple where the infant gets the milk as they suck) |
| what hormone is released when the infant sucks | prolactin-stimulates the acini to produce milk |
| oxytocin | stimulates the contraction of the myoepithelial cells |
| does breast size indicate the amount of milk to be produced | NO |
| DNA | master protein that controls the development and functioning of all cells |
| the 4 molecules that make up DNA | adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine |
| chromosomes | thread-like spiral structures found in the nucleus of each cell-contain DNA |
| how many chromosomes are in each cell within the human body | 46 |
| gametes | sex cells-1 pair in each human body cell |
| genes | makes up the chromosomes-segments of DNA that control heredity |
| mitosis | continuous/body grows & develops and dead body cells are replaced, each daughter cell contains the same number # of chromosomes as parent cell |
| meiosis | reproductive cells undergo 2 sequential divisions-number of chromosomes in each cell is reduced to half |
| spermatogenesis | process of mitosis in the sperm |
| diploid number | the 46 chromosomes in a body cell (mitosis) |
| haploid number | 23 chromosomes in each cell (meiosis) |
| oogenesis | process of mitosis in the ovum |
| gametogenesis | the form of gametes by meiosis |
| what determines the sex of the baby | type of spermatozoon (sperm cell) that penetrates the ovum |
| conception | union of egg and sperm-also called fertilization |
| what is the time frame for fertilization of the ovum after its released from the ovary | 6-24hrs |
| zygote | formed when the nucleus of the sperm and the ovum unite during fertilization |
| morula | solid mass of 16 cells |
| blastocyst | formed structure resulting from fluid space forming around the morula ball after large cells mass on it |
| trophoblasts | eventually form the placenta-secrete enzymes that allow them to invade the thickened uterine lining |
| trophoblastic layer | forms the chorion in pregnancy-cells provide nutrition for the embryo from nutrients carried in the maternal blood-blastocysts mature rapidly |
| chorionic villi | root-like projections that reach out from the layer of cells into the uterine endometrium-extend from the chorion into the endometrium-major site of exchange between maternal/fetal circulation |
| teratogenic agents | drugs, viruses, radiation, etc. that exert damaging effects on to the developing embryo |
| embryonic period | 2-8weeks after conception-most of the basic organ structures are formed |
| when is the growing embryo called a fetus | 8 weeks to birth |
| ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm | germ cell layers that become all of the tissues and organs of the embryo |
| structures derived from the ectoderm | outer layer of skin, oil glands/hair follicles, nails/hair, external sense organs, mucous membrane of mouth/anus |
| structures derived from the mesoderm | true skin, skeleton, bone/cartilage, connective tissue, muscles, blood/blood vessels, kidneys/gonads |
| structures derived from the endoderm | lining of trachea/pharynx/bronchi/digestive tract/bladder/urethra |
| amnion | inner membrane that forms the amniotic cavity |
| chorion | outer membrane that encloses the growing amnion |
| amniotic sac | the fusion of the amnion & chorion-contains the amniotic fluid |
| amniotic fluid | clear/slightly straw colored liquid-98% water and contains traces of protein, glucose, fetal lanugo (hair), fetal urine, and vernix caseosa |
| amniocentesis | examining amniotic fluid for diagnostic purposes |
| hydramnios | more than 2L of amniotic fluid present at term (end of pregnancy) |
| oligohydramnios | 300mL or less of amniotic fluid at term (end of pregnancy) |
| normal amount of amniotic fluid present at term | 800-1000mL |
| placenta | permits the exchange of materials carried in the bloodstream between the mother and the embryo/fetus |
| decidua | lining of the uterus |
| functions of the amniotic fluid | allows free movement of embryo/fetus, prevents amnion from adhering to the embryo/fetus, cushions embryo/fetus against injury, maintains constant temperature, fluid homeostasis, prevents umbilical cord compression |
| placental functions | protection, nutrition, respiration, excretion, hormone production |
| placental transfer | movement of gases, nutrients, waste materials, drugs, other substances across the placenta from maternal to fetal circulation or from fetal to maternal circulation |
| what effect does hypertension have on the placental blood flow | it constricts the uterine artery-reduces blood flow |
| 4 hormones produced by the placenta | progesterone, estrogen, hCG, hPL |
| functions of progesterone | maintain uterine lining for implantation of the zygote, reduce uterine contractions to prevent spontaneous abortion, prepare the glands of breast for lactation |
| functions of estrogen | stimulate uterine growth, increase the blood flow to uterine vessels, stimulate development of the breast ducts to prepare for lactation |
| how many veins/arteries are in the umbilical cord | 2 arteries 1 vein |
| Wharton's Jelly | thick substance that is a physical buffer to prevent kinking of the cord and interference with circulation |
| umbilical artery | carries deoxygenated blood to the placenta and releases carbon dioxide & other waste products |
| umbilical vein | carries oxygen & nutrients from the placenta to the fetus |
| at what week in the pregnancy is fetal blood circulation well established | after week 4 |
| what are the 3 fetal circulatory shunts | ductus venosus, foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus |
| Ductus venosus | diverts some blood away from the liver as it returns from the placenta-closes after birth when the blood flow from the umbilical cord stops |
| Foarmen ovale | diverts most blood from the right atrium directly to the left atrium, rather than circulating it to the lungs |
| Ductus arteriosus | diverts most blood from the pulmonary artery into the aorta |
| when does the foramen ovale close after birth | temporarily within 2hrs after birth and then permanently by age 3months |
| when does the ductus arteriosus close after birth | temporarily within 15hrs and permanently in about 3weeks |
| when does the ductus venosus close after birth | temporarily when the cord is cut and permanently in about 1week |
| what supplement is VITAL during child bearing age | FOLIC ACID |
| organogenesis period | first 8 weeks-most critical time for fetal development |
| age of viability | 20 weeks gestation-fetus may survive outside the uterus |
| surfactant | helps keep the alveoli in the lungs open during respiration-minimal still even at 28 weeks |
| what is the term for a fetus born past 42 weeks gestation | postterm or postmature |
| multifetal pregnancy | more than one fetus develops in the uterine cavity at the same time |
| monozygotic twins | identical-result of splitting from 1 fertilized egg-ovum splits into 2 identical monozygotes sometime before the 15th day of gestation |
| dizygotic twins | fraternal (nonidentical) -2 ova are fertilized by 2 sperm-each has its own amniotic sac and placenta |
| who is at a higher risk for multifetal pregnancies | older women, those using fertility drugs and in vitro fertilization |
| another term for portal circulation | liver circulation |
| what causes the foramen ovale to close | pressure changes |
| what happens if the ductus arteriosus does not close | the infant develops a PDA (patent ductus arteriosus |
| drugs used to treat PDA | IV Indomethicin, IV Ibuprofen, Prostaglandin Inhibitors, NSAIDS |
| who is at a higher risk for developing a PDA | premature infants |
Created by:
ABusey83
Popular Nursing sets