Biology FINAL Word Scramble
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Term | Definition |
four groups of carbs | carbs, lipids, protiens, nucliec acids |
monemers of carbs | monochacharides |
monemers of lipids | glycerol and faty acids |
monemers of protiens | amnio acids |
monemers of nucleic acids | nuclotides |
iodine solution | for starch, turns black if it is present |
benedicts solution | for simple sugar, turns orange if present |
buriet | for protiens, turns purple if it has protiens |
green paper | for lipids , is translucent if it is presnet |
how do enzymes act as catalysts | they speed up reactions and reduce the amount of activation energy required |
mouth | michanical digestion, silivary amylase breaks starch into smaller carbs |
esophagus | movement of food to stomach |
stomach | churns food, pepsin breaks protiens into smaller protiens |
small intestine | break down of all macromolecules into absorbale submits and absorption into the block or lacteal |
large intestine | recieves all undigested material water reasorbtion occurs here |
how is food moved in the digestive tract | perstalsis |
protiens broken donw in the stomach | pepsogen mixed with HCL makes pepsin that breaks up the protiens |
how do nutirents get into the blood | SI has villi that contian capilaries asorb small molecuels through diffusion |
animal cells | are eukaryotew, have cnetrolies for division, have membrane bound orgenelles |
plant cells | are eukaryoutes, has cell wall mad of cellose , has chloroplasts contains a large central vacolue, has membrane orglelles |
bacterial cells | are prokaryotic, has a wall made of peptinoglychen |
characteritcs of a prokaryote | lack a nucleus or membrane bound orgenells, small, contain nuclotidede region, plasmid, cell memebrane, cell wall, sometimes capsule |
cahracteristics of eukaryotes | have a nucleus and memberane orgenells, large |
where is DNA in prokaryotes | nucloid region |
where is DNA in eukaryotes | nucleus |
cell wall in bacteria | peptinoglycen |
cell wall in plants | cellulose |
mitochondria | provide energy, have a double matrix, inner- membrane of cristae, outer- membrane of matrix |
lysomes | break down food, bacgteria, and worn out cell parts, made of globes of enzymes |
ribosomes | where protein synthesis occurs, made of protiens and ribosomal RNA |
how is bacteria clasifed | coccus - sphere , bacillus - rod , sprial |
purines | adenine, glutmine |
pyrmidnes | cytosine, thymine |
cytosine pairs with | glutmine |
adenine pairs with | thymine |
phases of cell cycle | interphase, mitiosis |
phases of interphase | G1, s, G2 |
G1 | cell growth, orgnelle replication |
S | DNA relpication occurs - exact copies of chrosomes |
G2 | final checks and preparation for mitosis |
is interphase apart of mitiosis | no it is thte time when the cell is not dividing, but preparing to divide |
leading | made in continious segments and goes from 5 to 3 prime |
lagging | made in segments and goes from 3 to 5 prime |
okazki fragments | peices that make up the lagging strand |
DNA polymerase | adds new complementary DNA nuclotides |
human stomatic cell chrosome count | 46 |
mitosis phases | prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
prophase | chrosomes condense, nuclear membrane disapears |
metaphase | spindle fibers go to th emiddle of the cell |
anaphase | spindle fibers seperate going to opposide poles |
telophase | nuclear membrane reapears producing two nuclei, clevage fruuow forms nd cytokenisis begins |
cytokensis in plants | no clevage furrow - a cell plate made of celluose forms between th etwo cells |
cytokensis in animals | cleavage furrow pinching it to split |
cytokensis | division of the cytoplasm into 2 new daughter cells |
cancer cell | an abnormal or uncontroled cell division where cells dont respond to cyclins for cell division |
tumor suprsor genes | normal genes that inhibit cell division by activating check point protiens |
proto oncogenres | normal genes that premote cell division |
oncogenes | proto oncogens become these when mutated and make cells divide weather they are ready or not |
how does as cell know to make protien | it gets a message from DNA |
where does mRNA come from | it is transcribed from DNA |
transription | process of copying a sequence of DNA into mRNA |
where does trancription occur | in the nucleus |
translation | the process of decoding mRNA into tRNA |
wehre does trnaslation occur | in the ribosomes |
what starts transcribtion | RNA polymerase and ogther protines bind to KNA strands |
hydrolsis | add a molecuoe of water to break a bond |
dehydration synthesis | lose a molecule of water to make a bond |
introms | spliced out |
exons | put together to make sequences |
methyl-guanine cap | added to the 5" of the mRNA |
poly- A tail | added to the 3" end of mRNA |
what does a retrovirus like HIV do to convert RNA to DNA | employ enzymes to reverse trancription and make DNA from RNA |
frameshift mutation | imbolves the insertion or deletion of a nuclotide in the DNA sequence, cause the most dammage, |
what causes a frameshift mutation | an insertion or deletion |
point mutation | involves the change of ONE nuclotide |
what causes a point mutation | substution |
pathway a proteins take after made | ribosome- ER- Golgi- vessicle- memberane |
lytic | the host cells enzymes replicate the viral DNA, new viruses are made and the cell bursts open and releases them to infect new cells |
lysogenic | the viral DNA incerts into cellular DNA and is copied when the cell repicates . |
function of tRNA | to bring the approtate amino acids as they bind to complementary condons to the protien |
how does tRNA know where to go in a ribosome to begin/condinue translation | antocodons on tRNA bind to its complementary mRNA codon at the ribosome |
homologous chrosomes | chrosomes similar in structure and carry the same types of genes |
end product of meiosis | 4 haploid cells |
haploid | 1/2 set of chrosomes, n |
diploid | full set of chrosomes, 2n |
gametes | reproductive cells that must be haploid for reproduction to run smothly |
gamete to zygote | 23 to 46 |
three thing that contribute to genetic varation | crossing over, independent assortment, random fertilazation |
when does crossing over occur | prophase 1 |
when does independent assortment occur | anaphase 1 |
when does random fertilization occcur | after meiosis |
crossing over | when homologous chrososmes swap genetic info when they are tetrads, results in different ofspring |
if you dont see a trait in F1 but appears in F2 what kind of trait is it | ressive linked |
antigens and antibodies for A blood | A antigens, B antiboides |
antigens and antibodies for B blood | B antigens, A antibodies |
antigens and antibodies for AB blood | A and B antigens, no antibodies |
antigens and antibodies for O blood | no antigens, A and B antibodies |
law of dominance | |
codominance | where both alleles are expressed. EX: A blood crossed with B blood creates AB blood |
multiple alleles | |
incomplete dominance | the heterozygous condition results in a third blended party |
what is the ratio for a dyhybrid cross of two parents with heterozygous alleles | 9-3-3-1 |
autosomal dominant pedigree | there is a person who has the trait in every generation and pops up alot |
autosomal ressive pedigree | the trait can skip generations |
sex linked pedigree | typically effects one gender more than the other |
natural selection | he process in which ogranism adapt to their environment and tned to seuvive and produse more offspring |
in the moth population what was the evironmental change | the color of the threes |
in the moth populaion what was the selecting agent | the birds that ate the moths |
directional selection | occurs when selection favors one extreme trait and the intermdiate trait and excludes an extreme |
disruuptive seletion | occurs when the slelection favors the two extremes over the intermdiate trait that results in two groups |
stablizing selection | occurs when selection favors the intermidaite trait value over the extremes |
hardy weinburg | principle that describes a hypothetical situation where there is no change in the gene pool |
p2 | homozygous dominant genotype |
q2 | homozygous ressive genotype |
2pq | heterogygous genotype |
p | dominant allele frequency |
q | ressive allele frequency |
if the calucated chi-square is above the cirtical value waht do you do | reject the null hypothesis |
which patter of viral replication causes more harm | lytic |
Created by:
ella27
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