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Biology FINAL
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| four groups of carbs | carbs, lipids, protiens, nucliec acids |
| monemers of carbs | monochacharides |
| monemers of lipids | glycerol and faty acids |
| monemers of protiens | amnio acids |
| monemers of nucleic acids | nuclotides |
| iodine solution | for starch, turns black if it is present |
| benedicts solution | for simple sugar, turns orange if present |
| buriet | for protiens, turns purple if it has protiens |
| green paper | for lipids , is translucent if it is presnet |
| how do enzymes act as catalysts | they speed up reactions and reduce the amount of activation energy required |
| mouth | michanical digestion, silivary amylase breaks starch into smaller carbs |
| esophagus | movement of food to stomach |
| stomach | churns food, pepsin breaks protiens into smaller protiens |
| small intestine | break down of all macromolecules into absorbale submits and absorption into the block or lacteal |
| large intestine | recieves all undigested material water reasorbtion occurs here |
| how is food moved in the digestive tract | perstalsis |
| protiens broken donw in the stomach | pepsogen mixed with HCL makes pepsin that breaks up the protiens |
| how do nutirents get into the blood | SI has villi that contian capilaries asorb small molecuels through diffusion |
| animal cells | are eukaryotew, have cnetrolies for division, have membrane bound orgenelles |
| plant cells | are eukaryoutes, has cell wall mad of cellose , has chloroplasts contains a large central vacolue, has membrane orglelles |
| bacterial cells | are prokaryotic, has a wall made of peptinoglychen |
| characteritcs of a prokaryote | lack a nucleus or membrane bound orgenells, small, contain nuclotidede region, plasmid, cell memebrane, cell wall, sometimes capsule |
| cahracteristics of eukaryotes | have a nucleus and memberane orgenells, large |
| where is DNA in prokaryotes | nucloid region |
| where is DNA in eukaryotes | nucleus |
| cell wall in bacteria | peptinoglycen |
| cell wall in plants | cellulose |
| mitochondria | provide energy, have a double matrix, inner- membrane of cristae, outer- membrane of matrix |
| lysomes | break down food, bacgteria, and worn out cell parts, made of globes of enzymes |
| ribosomes | where protein synthesis occurs, made of protiens and ribosomal RNA |
| how is bacteria clasifed | coccus - sphere , bacillus - rod , sprial |
| purines | adenine, glutmine |
| pyrmidnes | cytosine, thymine |
| cytosine pairs with | glutmine |
| adenine pairs with | thymine |
| phases of cell cycle | interphase, mitiosis |
| phases of interphase | G1, s, G2 |
| G1 | cell growth, orgnelle replication |
| S | DNA relpication occurs - exact copies of chrosomes |
| G2 | final checks and preparation for mitosis |
| is interphase apart of mitiosis | no it is thte time when the cell is not dividing, but preparing to divide |
| leading | made in continious segments and goes from 5 to 3 prime |
| lagging | made in segments and goes from 3 to 5 prime |
| okazki fragments | peices that make up the lagging strand |
| DNA polymerase | adds new complementary DNA nuclotides |
| human stomatic cell chrosome count | 46 |
| mitosis phases | prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
| prophase | chrosomes condense, nuclear membrane disapears |
| metaphase | spindle fibers go to th emiddle of the cell |
| anaphase | spindle fibers seperate going to opposide poles |
| telophase | nuclear membrane reapears producing two nuclei, clevage fruuow forms nd cytokenisis begins |
| cytokensis in plants | no clevage furrow - a cell plate made of celluose forms between th etwo cells |
| cytokensis in animals | cleavage furrow pinching it to split |
| cytokensis | division of the cytoplasm into 2 new daughter cells |
| cancer cell | an abnormal or uncontroled cell division where cells dont respond to cyclins for cell division |
| tumor suprsor genes | normal genes that inhibit cell division by activating check point protiens |
| proto oncogenres | normal genes that premote cell division |
| oncogenes | proto oncogens become these when mutated and make cells divide weather they are ready or not |
| how does as cell know to make protien | it gets a message from DNA |
| where does mRNA come from | it is transcribed from DNA |
| transription | process of copying a sequence of DNA into mRNA |
| where does trancription occur | in the nucleus |
| translation | the process of decoding mRNA into tRNA |
| wehre does trnaslation occur | in the ribosomes |
| what starts transcribtion | RNA polymerase and ogther protines bind to KNA strands |
| hydrolsis | add a molecuoe of water to break a bond |
| dehydration synthesis | lose a molecule of water to make a bond |
| introms | spliced out |
| exons | put together to make sequences |
| methyl-guanine cap | added to the 5" of the mRNA |
| poly- A tail | added to the 3" end of mRNA |
| what does a retrovirus like HIV do to convert RNA to DNA | employ enzymes to reverse trancription and make DNA from RNA |
| frameshift mutation | imbolves the insertion or deletion of a nuclotide in the DNA sequence, cause the most dammage, |
| what causes a frameshift mutation | an insertion or deletion |
| point mutation | involves the change of ONE nuclotide |
| what causes a point mutation | substution |
| pathway a proteins take after made | ribosome- ER- Golgi- vessicle- memberane |
| lytic | the host cells enzymes replicate the viral DNA, new viruses are made and the cell bursts open and releases them to infect new cells |
| lysogenic | the viral DNA incerts into cellular DNA and is copied when the cell repicates . |
| function of tRNA | to bring the approtate amino acids as they bind to complementary condons to the protien |
| how does tRNA know where to go in a ribosome to begin/condinue translation | antocodons on tRNA bind to its complementary mRNA codon at the ribosome |
| homologous chrosomes | chrosomes similar in structure and carry the same types of genes |
| end product of meiosis | 4 haploid cells |
| haploid | 1/2 set of chrosomes, n |
| diploid | full set of chrosomes, 2n |
| gametes | reproductive cells that must be haploid for reproduction to run smothly |
| gamete to zygote | 23 to 46 |
| three thing that contribute to genetic varation | crossing over, independent assortment, random fertilazation |
| when does crossing over occur | prophase 1 |
| when does independent assortment occur | anaphase 1 |
| when does random fertilization occcur | after meiosis |
| crossing over | when homologous chrososmes swap genetic info when they are tetrads, results in different ofspring |
| if you dont see a trait in F1 but appears in F2 what kind of trait is it | ressive linked |
| antigens and antibodies for A blood | A antigens, B antiboides |
| antigens and antibodies for B blood | B antigens, A antibodies |
| antigens and antibodies for AB blood | A and B antigens, no antibodies |
| antigens and antibodies for O blood | no antigens, A and B antibodies |
| law of dominance | |
| codominance | where both alleles are expressed. EX: A blood crossed with B blood creates AB blood |
| multiple alleles | |
| incomplete dominance | the heterozygous condition results in a third blended party |
| what is the ratio for a dyhybrid cross of two parents with heterozygous alleles | 9-3-3-1 |
| autosomal dominant pedigree | there is a person who has the trait in every generation and pops up alot |
| autosomal ressive pedigree | the trait can skip generations |
| sex linked pedigree | typically effects one gender more than the other |
| natural selection | he process in which ogranism adapt to their environment and tned to seuvive and produse more offspring |
| in the moth population what was the evironmental change | the color of the threes |
| in the moth populaion what was the selecting agent | the birds that ate the moths |
| directional selection | occurs when selection favors one extreme trait and the intermdiate trait and excludes an extreme |
| disruuptive seletion | occurs when the slelection favors the two extremes over the intermdiate trait that results in two groups |
| stablizing selection | occurs when selection favors the intermidaite trait value over the extremes |
| hardy weinburg | principle that describes a hypothetical situation where there is no change in the gene pool |
| p2 | homozygous dominant genotype |
| q2 | homozygous ressive genotype |
| 2pq | heterogygous genotype |
| p | dominant allele frequency |
| q | ressive allele frequency |
| if the calucated chi-square is above the cirtical value waht do you do | reject the null hypothesis |
| which patter of viral replication causes more harm | lytic |
Created by:
ella27
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