Micro test 3 Word Scramble
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Question | Answer |
1. Microbes that produce the antimicrobial chemicals that inhibit the growth of other microorganism in the same habitat are exhibiting what type of behavior? | Antagonism |
2. Drugs that effect the bacterial cell well are active only against what type of cells? | Young, Actively Growing |
3. What was the first disease to be treated with a specific chemical? | Syphilis |
4. The golden age of antibiotics began in 1928 with Sir Alexander Fleming’s discovery of an antibacterial compound he called what? | Penicillin |
5. Antimicrobial drugs that are derived from the natural processes of some microorganism and that can inhibit or destroy other microorganism are specifically known as what? | Antibiotics |
6. How are drugs that block the synthesis of folic acid able to maintain selective toxicity? | Bacteria must synthesize folic acid, while humans acquire it from their diet |
7. What portion of penicillin is responsible for difference in each compounds activity? | The variable side chain |
8. Aminoglycoside drugs are products of what group of microorganisms? | Soil actinomycetes |
9. What microorganism has the distinction of being one of nature’s most prolific antibiotic producers? | Streptomyces sp. |
10. What was the drug used to treat individuals exposed to Bacillus anthracis endospores in 2001? | Ciprofloxacin |
11. Why do fungal infections present special problems in terms of treatment? | Because both fungi and humans are eukaryotes |
12. Why are viral infections especially difficult to treat? | Because they rely upon their host cells for the majority of their metabolic functions |
13. What is a logical antiviral drug target in retroviruses? | Reverse transcriptase |
14. The greatest number of anti-microbic allergies is reported for what drug? | Penicillin |
Why are human bites especially dangerous? | Because the oral cavity and saliva contain high numbers of bacteria |
What are the first organisms to colonize the upper respiratory tract? | Oral streptococci |
What keeps the kidney, ureter, bladder, and upper urethra sterile | Flow of urine |
What greatly influences the presence and numbers of transient flora? | Hygiene |
What factor prevents the stomach from being colonized by most microbes? | Acids |
Characteristics that axenic animals display? | Shortened life span |
The greatest number of pathogens use what as a portal of entry? | Respiratory tract |
What Characteristic affects the extent to which an organism is carried into the bronchial tree following inhalation? | The size of the microorganism |
What exo-enzyme secreted by the some pathogenic microorganisms digest the principal’s fibers of connective tissue and is an invasive factor for some microorganism? | Collagenase |
During which stage of clinical infection does the patient experience vague feelings of discomfort, such as head and muscle aches, fatigue, upset stomach, and general malaise? | Prodromal stage |
What is the pattern of infection where the infection itself remains localized at the portal of entry, but the toxins produced by the pathogen are carried by the blood to the actual target tissue? | Toxemia |
What are the signs of an infection? | Cough |
What is the clinical term for bacteria multiplying in the blood? | Septicemia |
Which microorganism does not cause a lent infection? | Polio |
What term is defined as the number of new cases of disease over a certain time period, as compared with the general healthy population? | Incidence |
Example of microbial reservoirs? | All except Vectors |
“Typhoid Mary” was an example of what type of disease carrier? | Chronic |
The physical barriers that serve as the first line of defense against infection include all except which of the following | Lysozyme |
What physical barrier protects the trachea and bronchi against infection? | Ciliated epithelium |
Where is lysozyme, the enzyme that hydrolyzes, peptidoglycan, found in the body? | In saliva and tears |
What fluid- filled compartment does not participate in immune function? | Cerebrospinal |
Why the reticuloendothelial system is considered intrinsic to immune function? | Because it provides a passageway within and between tissues and organs |
What type of white blood cell is heavily concentrated within the recticulo-endothelial system? | Macrophages |
White blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets all arise from what type of progenitor cells? | Pluripotential stem cells |
What type of cell is involved in blood clotting and inflammation? | Platelets |
The agranulocytes include all of the following cell types except which? | Neutrophils |
Leukocytes (WBCs) are made up of all but which of the following cell types? | Platelets |
What is the primary function of neutrophils? | Phagocytosis |
What type of WBC attacks and destroys large eukaryotic pathogens and is involved in allergic reactions and inflammation? | Eosinophils |
What cells are directly responsible for the release of histamine and other allergic stimulants during immediate allergies? | Mast cells |
Where do B-lymphocytes mature in humans? | Bone marrow |
When monocytes migrate from blood vessels into tissue, inflammatory mediatory transform them into what? | Macrophages |
18. What is the name of the process by which WBCs adhere to the inner walls of small blood vessels and then migrate out of the blood into the tissue spaces? | Diapedesis |
19. Which cells produce and release endogenous pyrogens | Neutrophils |
20. What is the overall effect of vasodilation that occurs followings an injury | Blood flow to the injured site is increased. |
What Cells work closely with macrophages to provide the elegance and complexity of immune function? | Lymphocytes |
Major histo-compatibility complex antigens are found on all human cells with the exception of immune function? | Red blood cells |
Of the MHC genes, which codes for receptors that recognize and react with foreign antigens? | Class II MHC |
What class of MHC receptors is found on the surface of all nucleated cells? | Class I MHC |
What leads to the extreme variations in the expressions of specific receptors in lymphocytes? | Clonal selection |
What is the process by which lymphocytes clones that develop a specificity for self-molecule are eliminated or deleted from the pool of genetic diversity? | Immune tolerance |
Immunoglobulin heavy (H) chains genes are composed of genes from what segments of the genome? | V, D, J, and C |
A lymphocytes recognizes and responds to what component of an antigen? | Antigenic determinant |
What is the component found in the human body which can serve as a carrier molecule when bound by haptens? | Serum proteins |
What is responsible for incompatibilities that can occur during blood transfusions? | Alloantigens |
What are the first cells that recognize a processed and presented T- dependent antigen? | T helper cells |
What is one disadvantage of using attenuated vaccines? | The organisms can mutate back to a virulent form following vaccination. |
Once a B-Cell has processed and presented an antigen, what event must occur before it becomes activated | The B cell must bind to an activated T helper cell that has receptors for the same antigen |
In what type of reaction do antibodies fill surface receptors on a virus or the active site on a molecule to prevent it from functioning normally? | Neutralization |
What is the most prevalent antibody circulating throughout the tissues fluids and blood? | IgG |
What antibody is a significant component of the mucous and serous secretions of the salivary glands, intestine, nasal membrane, breast, lung, and genitourinary tract? | Dimeric IgA |
What type of cell is fuses with a myeloma cell when producing a hybridoma? | Plasma cell |
What is the mode of action of T- cytotoxic cells? | They secrete perforins that create pores in the membrane of a target cell |
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