Cogs17 Final Review Word Scramble

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Question	Answer
Connecting to the SAME side vs. connecting to the OPPOSITE side	Ipsilateral / Contralateral
Towards the sides vs. toward the middle	Lateral / Medial
Towards the stomach or the bottom of the human head vs. towards the back or the top of the human head	Ventral / Dorsal
A structure above another vs. one below another	Superior / Inferior
Planes through head as seen from the front vs. the side vs. above	Coronal / Saggital / Horizontal
Division of the Forebrain that ultimately becomes the Thalamus, Hypothalamus and the eye	Diencephalon
Division of the Forebrain that ultimately becomes the Cerebral Cortex, Basal Ganglia, Limbic System, etc.	Telencephaon
Hindbrain structure, controls vital reflexes	Medulla
Hindbrain structure, acts as bridge between Hindbrain and higher centers	Pons
Hindbrain structure, involved primarily with guided, timed movements	Cerebellum
Network of cells moving through hind- and mid-brain, involved in arousal	Reticular Formation
Core strip of cells through hind-and mid-brain, involved in sleep	Raphe System
Midbrain structure involved in motor processes	Tegmentum
Midbrain structure involved in sensory processes, includes Superior (visual) and Inferior (auditory) Colliculi	Tectum
Forebrain structure, oversees 4Fs, temperature, clock; communicates with and through the endrocrine system	Hypothalamus
Forebrain structure, "Master Gland", stimulated by Hypothalamus	Pituitary Gland
Forebrain structure, a principal stop along most sensory pathways	Thalamus
A set of forebrain structures involved in motivation and emotional expression	Limbic System
Forebrain structure, involved in the formation of new memories	Hippocampus
Forebrain structure, associated especially with anger and fear	Amygdala
Forebrain structure, layer mediating between cortex and lower systems, especially for socio-emotional evaluation	Cingulate Gyrus
Forebrain structure, receives smell info from olfactory receptors	Olfactory Bulb
Forebrain structure including Caudate Nucleus, Putamen & Globus Pallidus, involved in control of movement	Basal Ganglia
Forebrain structure including Nucleus Basalis, involved in arousal and attention	Basal Forebrain
Forebrain structure, outer "bark" of brain, 6-layered, highly convoluted	Cerebral Cortex
Set of axons connecting the two cerebral hemispheres	Corpus Callosum
Lobe of the cortex, posterior, primarily involved in visual processing, including V1 (Striate Cortex)	Occipital Lobe
Lobe of the cortex, lateral, primarily involved in auditory processing (e.g. A1 and Wernicke's) and higher visual (IT)	Temporal Lobe
Lobe of the cortex posterior to the Central Sulcus, primarily involved in somatosensory and visio-spatial maps	Parietal Lobe
Lobe of the cortex anterior to Central Sulcus, motor control including Broca's Area and, in Prefrontal Area,strategy & self control	Frontal Lobe
Part of the CNS other than the brain	Spinal Cord
Part of the Spinal Cord through which sensory info enters. vs. through which motor info exits	Dorsal Root / Ventral Root
"Law" governing above directions of information flow	Bell-Magendie Law
Area of the Spinal Cord (as seen in cross-section) consisting of soma vs. of myelinated axons	Grey / White Matter
Tube through core of Spinal Cord containing fluid	Central Canal
Four hollow chambers (plus aqueducts) in brain that produce the fluid that feeds, cleans and cushions brain	Ventricles
Fluid, produced by ventricles, found within Spinal Cord and in covering surrounding CNS	Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)
Three-layered (Dura-, Fluid-filled Arachnoid- and Pia-Mater) protective covering that surrounds CNS	Meninges
Semi-permeable barrier, controls what chemicals enter brain, created by closing gaps between capillaries' endothelial cells	Blood Brain Barrier
That part of the PNS that is responsible for the body's interaction with the environment	Somatic Nervous System
That part of the PNS that is responsible for assessing and maintaining the body's internal environment	Autonomic Nervous System
That part of the ANS that produces the "fight or flight" response vs. that which facilitates relaxation and replenishment	Sympathetic / Parasympathetic NS
Extreme compensatory response of one system to extreme activation of the other - can lead to fainting, ulcers, voodoo death	Parasympathetic Rebound
Cells in the Nervous System responsible for information transmission	Neurons
Cells in the Nervous System responsible for support, feeding, recycling, development, etc	Glial cells
Organelles in a cell that are the site of protein production, crucial to much neural functioning	Ribosomes
Organelles in a cell that are the source of energy (ATP) to power active (vs. passive) funcitons in cell	Mitochondria
Processes (branches) of a neuron that receive the incoming message vs. the one that releases the outgoing message	Dendrites / Axon
Difference in the amount of a given chemical inside/outside a cell vs. a difference in charge inside/outside a cell	Concentration / Electical Gradient
Symbols for 4 key chemical elements in neural functioning - including 3 positive ions, 1 negative ion	Na+, K+, Ca++, Cl-
Name for and amount of difference in charge inside/outside cell, in millivolts (mV), in a polarized cell ready to fire	Resting Potential (-70mV)
Energy-requiring pump that helps restore membrane potential after cell fires	Sodium-Potassium Pump
A sequence of depolarization that moves along an axon, resulting in the all-or-nothing release of NT	Action Potential
Section of axon where depolarization sequence begins	Axon Hillock
A greater or lesser change in the polarity of a neuron that results in a greater or lesser release of NT	Graded Potential
Propagation of info down an axon by way of chemical gates opening/closing vs. by flow of electrons	Ionic / Electrical Conduction
"Jumping" electrical conduction that occurs in myelinated axons	Saltatory Conduction
Glia cells wrapping around sections of an axon to insulate it and speed its information transmission	Myelination
Gaps between myelin sheaths on an axon	Nodes of Ranvier
Disease that destroys myelin; no ion gates under sheath so neuron cannot fire	Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Period following an Action Potential during which the cell cannot (or is more difficult to) fire	Refractory Period
The event in which one cell releases NT and that NT affects another cell	Synapse
The gap between cells across which NT passively floats	Synaptic Cleft
The cell that releases the NT vs. the cell that receives the NT	Pre- / Post Synaptic Cell
The end of the axon from which NT is released, also called "button" or "end bulb"	Pre-Synaptic Terminal
Packets of NT released by a neuron	Vesicles
The release of NT into cleft via its packet opening at a Fusion Pore in the cell's membrane	Exocytosis
Area, usually on a dendrite, that is specialized for the attachment of NT	Receptor Site
An increase vs. a decrease in a cell's likelihood of releasing neurotransmitter	EPSP / IPSP
Less polarized, less difference between inside of cell and outside of cell vs. more difference	Hyper / Hypo-Polarization
Cumulative effect of the activity of multiple Presynaptic cells; Can be temporal or spatial	Summation
When NT has direct effect on ion channels in Postsynaptic cell vs. indirect effects via internal metabolic processes	Ionotropic / Metabotropic
Chemical in Postsynaptic cell involved in energy-requiring processes (including altering ion channels) triggered by NT	Second Messenger
Chemicals released by Presynaptic cells that directly affect local Postsynaptic cells vs. ones that widely influence neural activity	Neuro-transmitters / -modulators
Chemical (endogenous or man-made) that acts to facilitate (via imitation or enhancement) vs. to block the effects of specific NTs	Agonist / Antagonist
Process by which NTs or their components re-enter the Presynaptic cell for re-use.	Reuptake
Enzyme in cleft that breaks down Acetylcholine	Acetylcholinesterase
Site on Presynaptic terminal that reacts to that cell's own NT, usually acting to turn off/down that cell's further NT release	Auto-Receptors
Synapses at Presynaptic terminal that reacts to NT from other cell, excitatory or inhibitory	Axoaxonic Synapses
Epinepherine (Adrenalin), Testosterone, Estrogen, Oxytocin, Insulin, Cortisol	6 Hormones
Acetylcholine	ACh Acetylcholine
Dopamine	DA Dopamine
Serotonin	5-HT Serotonin
Norepinepherin	NE Norepinepherin
Adrenalin	Epinepherine
Glutamate	Glutamate
GABA	GABA
Substance P	Substance P
Endorphins	Endorphins
In the new embryo, the outermost layer of cells - becomes the nervous system and skin	Ectoderm
In the growing (wormlike) embryo, the surface along the back that thickens and hardens	Neural Plate
A pair of ridges all along the above that begin to curl towards each other	Neural Folds
The long hollow chamber that is formed when the above meet and fuse, inner surface becomes the CNS	Neural Tube
Outer surface of the above ridges that separate off and become the PNS	Neural Crest
A pathological condition involving a failure of the edges above to completely fuse, leading to birth defects or death	Spina Bifida
The original type of cells in this area that undergo division to populate nervous system	Stem Cells
Cell division that produces two identical offspring vs. produces one identical and one new (neuron or glial) cell	Symmetrical / Asymmetrical Division
An early type of glial cell that extends its processes out like wheel spokes for the developing neurons to migrate along	Radial Glia
Glia cells that are positioned to direct growing axons towards their target cells	Guidepost cells
Cell Death as determined by "suicide genes" that cause developing neurons to package their contents & destroy themselves	Apotosis
Chemicals that attract/repel Axon growth, help prevent cell death, and/or promote Axonal branching	Neurotrophins
One type of the above, from muscles & organs, that promotes survival and growth of axons in the brain and Sympathetic NS	Nerve Growth Factor (NGF)
Newly formed axonal branch that replaces another (that has died off) at a synapse	Collateral sprout
New outgrowths on, or subdividing of, the processes that receive NT, in response to an enriched enviornment, learning, etc.	Dendritic spines / branching
The production of new cells	Proliferation
The movement of cells from their place of origin to their later position	Migration
The formation of new synapses	Synaptogenesis
A mnemonic for the rule that co-activated cells tend to be strengthened in their connectivity and out-compete neighboring cells	Fire together > Wire together
The production of new cells	Proliferation
The movement of cells from their place of origin to their later position	Migration
The formation of new synapses	Synaptogenesis
A mnemonic for the rule that co-activated cells tend to be strengthened in their connectivity and out-compete neighboring cells	Fire together > Wire together
When multiple pre-synaptic cells all communicate to one post-synaptic cell	Convergence (or Summation)
When one presynaptic cell communicates to many post-synaptic cells	Divergence
Set of receptors whose actitvity influences the activity of target cell	Receptive Field
Type of above: stimulating center increases target response, non-center decreases it	Excitatory Center- Inhibitory Surround
Type of map that preserves spatial relaitonships (as along a sensory surface)	Topological
In cortex, disproportionate enlargement of the rep. of a sensory area of low convergence	Magnification
An area of the brain specialized for processing one particular type of information	Module
The problem posed by having several of the above, and yet perceiving wholes	The Binding Problem
Rear layers of neurons in the eyeball	Retina
Cells that respond to light; show spontaneous, graded release of inhibitory NT	Receptors (Rods & Cones)
Above that are convergent, sensitive to motion & low light, mainly in periphery	Rods
Above that connect few:1, sensitive to color & detail, dispersed plus conc'd in center	Cones
Central area of above receptor types only, connected 1:1 for highest acuity	Fovea
Next cell in pathway, spontaneous, graded potentials, release excitatory NT	Bipolars
Inter-neurons that modify reaction of above, implicated in color opponency	Horizontals
Next cell in pathway, action potentials, release excitatory NT	Ganglions
Formed of axons of the above	Optic Nerve
Place where above leaves eye for brain, also called "Blind Spot"	Optic Disc
Inter-neurons that modify reaction of above, implicated in contrast effects	Amacrines
Level of light (bright vs. dim?) that results in greatest release of NT from receptors	Dim
Level of light (bright vs. dim?) that results in greatest release of NT from bipolars	Bright
High-detail discrimination, as from low convergence, that retains info on diffs	Acuity
High likelihood of detection, as from high convergence that crosses next cell's threshold	Sensitivity
Cell activity resulting in release of inhibitory NT to cells orthogonal to info pathway	Lateral Inhibition
Illusion created by above that alters perception of central grey depending on its surround	Simultaneous Contrast
Direction of inhibition (uni- or bi-directional?) in direction-senstive motion circuit	Uni-directional
Nucleus in Thalamus that processes most visual information from eye	Lateral Geniculate Nuc or LGN
In cortex, set of cells, in 6 layers, that all respond to the same preferred stimulus	Column
In cortex, set of cells that all have same RF and include set of orientation cols & blobs	Hyper-Column
Topological map that preserves spatial relationships found on Retina	Retinotopic Map
Primary Projection area for vision in Occipital Lobe of cortex	A1 or Striate Cortex
Visual pathway specialized for color and detail, that "flows" along bottom of cortex	Parvocellular Pathway
Above also called...because it terminates in this lobe of the cortex	Temporal Pathway
Above also called…because it conveys info that helps you to identify a stimulus or individual	What/Who Pathway
Small ganglion cells that begin this pathway, with small RFs & sustained response	Parvocellular or X Ganglions
Visual pathway specialized for motion and localization,"flows" along top part of cortex	Magnocellular Pathway
Above also called …because it terminates in this lobe of the cortex	Parietal Pathway
Above also called…because it conveys info that helps locate & interact w/stimuli	Where/How Pathway
Large ganglion cells that begin this pathway, with large RFs & transient response	Magnocellular or Y Ganglions
Nucleus in Midbrain in this path, processes some visual (esp motion) info from eye	Superior Colliculus
Tho vis cortex damaged & no visual experience, midbrain enables some vis localization	Blindsight
Color coding per ratio of activity of 3 cone types reponding to 3 overlapping ranges of freqs	Trichromatic Color Vision
Recoding of above, via lateral inhibition from Horizontal cells, into Red/Green & Blue/Yellow	Color Opponency
LGN or Ganglions with R+G-, G+R-, B+Y- or Y+B- receptive fields	Opponent Cells
V4-mediated process that enables ID of color under diff light conditions (AKA "Retinex Theo")	Color Constancy
Cells in V1 that respond to line, or gradient, oriented in particular direction	Simple Cells
Cells in V2 that give best response to moving lines of particular orientation	Complex Cells
Number of dark/light changes per degree of visual angle	Spatial Frequencies
Frequency gradients (high vs. low?) that V1 cells in Parvo path are most sensitive to	High Frequency
Frequency gradients (high vs. low?) that V1 cells in Magno path are most sensitive to	Low Frequency
End of Parvo pathway, includes cells that prefer hand, face, other complex stim	Inferior Temporal or IT
Deficit from damage to Fusiform Gyrus, patient cannot recognize familiar faces	Prosopagnosia
Cortex with direction-sensitive cells, responds best to stimulus moving across retina	MT
Cort4x with optic-flow detectors that repond best to contraction/expansion of whole scene	MST
In V2 or MT, cells that respond to degrees of diff between location of an image on 2 retina	Disparity Detectors
Membrane vibrated by air molecules moving down Auditory Canal	Tympanic Membrane
Three tiny bones linked into lever system, amplify vibrations of above	Ossicles
Membrane vibrated by third bone above, initiating vibration of…	Oval Window
Thick, incompressible, potassium-rich fluid that fills…	Cochlear Fluid
Coiled, three-chambered tube in Inner Ear which contains…	Cochlea
Section of central chamber where Receptor Cells are found	Organ of Corti
Membrane that runs along floor of above structure, moves up and down	Basilar Mambrane
Membrane that runs along roof of above structure, moves forward & back	Tectorial Membrane
Auditory receptor cells that are deformed between the above two membranes	Hair Cells
Tiny "hairs" extending from above cells whose deformation initiates transduction	Cillia
Ion that enters receptor, descreasing its polarity	K+
Ion that enters receptor, causing chain reaction that results in release of NT	Ca++
NT released by auditory receptors	Glutamate
Type of change in polarity in receptors (graded vs. action potential?)	Graded Potential
Cells to which Receptors communicate, whose axons exit to brain	Spiral Ganglions or ANFs
Type of change in polarity in these cells (graded vs. action potential?)	Action Potential
Relative levels of activity across differentially-resonating Bas. Memb. code freq	Place Coding
Rate of oscillation of Bas. Membrane codes freq per rate of Auditory Nerve Firing	Temporal Coding
Time during which Auditory Nerve Fibers cannot fire next Action Potential	Refractory Period
Since each above can only fire 1/1000sec, must work together at alt. intervals	Volley Principle
Ganglions involved in above can all only fire at the same phase (e.g.) peak of input wave.	Phase Locked
Diffs used for localization, caused by "head shadow" attenuating high freqs	Amplitude Differences
Diffs used for localization, comparing peak & trough of lower frequencies	Phase Differences
Diffs used for localization, per race of left vs. right Onset signals to Superior Olive	Timing Differences
Receptor Cells that show divergent connectivity, for detail freq discrimination	Inner Hair Cells
Receptor Cells that show convergent connectivity, for loudness discrimination	Outer Hair Cells
Axons of next cells in path form this nerve	Auditory Nerve
Above is part of (?) Cranial Nerve	8th Cranial Nerve
Next synapse in Medulla, beginning of separate information pathways	Cochlear Nucleus
Cell in above nucleus that duplicates the incoming signal	Primary Like Cell
Above helps generate what kind of map that reps low>high frequency across cell array	Tonotopic Map
Cell in above nucleus that transforms incoming signal into a transient burst	Onset Cell
Cell in above that transforms incoming signal into one of graded, increasing amp	Build Up Cell
When information from only one ear is involved, as in the above	Monaural
When info from both ears is combined, good for localization, as in the following…	Binaural
Next auditory site, also in Medulla, responsible for Orienting Reflex	Superior Olive
Next auditory site, in Midbrain, where info integrated with visual at nearby site	Inferior Colliculus
Next auditory site, in Thalamus, site of among other things…	Medial Geniculate Nuc or MGN
Primary Projection Area for audition, in Temporal Lobe of cortex	A1
Secondary Auditory area in cortex	A2
Area with critical role in the comprehension of speech, in left hemisphere	Wernicke's Area
Type of complex auditory input processed by higher auditory centers in right hemi.	Music
Type of receptor cells in Vestibular system	Hair Cells
Ion, when not/allowed to enter cell, changes receptor's polarity	K+
Changes in velocity & orientation alter this kind of firing rate	Spontaneous Firing Rate
Where receptors respond to head tilt via gravity-induced deformation by crystals	Otolith Organ
Three fluid-filled tubes that detect changes in angular acceleration	Semi-Circular Canals
Effect when visual and/or motor feedback is inconsistent with vestibular info	Motion Sickness
Cranial nerve (?) shared with audition	8th Cranial Nerve
Class of receptors that respond to temp, pain, itch and hair follicle movement	Free Nerve Endings
Receptors in above class that respond to "noxious" (potentially damaging) stimuli	Nociceptors
Class of receptors that respond to touch and internal movement	Encapsulated Endings
Detection of internal movement of muscles and organs	Proprioception
Type of response by above type of receptors (graded or action potentials?)	Action Potentials
Process by which one type of receptor is fatigued, showing its role in coding	Selective Adaptation
Nucleus of Thalamus in somatosensory pathway	Ventral Posterior Nuc or VPN
Path for pain and temperature info to brain, crossing over in Spinal Cord	Spinal Thalamic Pathway
Path for touch and internal motion info to brain, crossing over in Brainstem	Medial Lemniscal Pathway
Which of above paths tends to be myelinated	MLP
When damage to one side of spine results in diff losses on ipsi- vs. contra-lateral sides	Brown-Sequard Sndrome
Location of Primary Projection Area (S1) for somatosensory info	Post-Central Gyrus
Name of topological map of body surface found there	Penfield Map
Parts of body that fill disproportionate areas of this map	Hands and Mouth
Neurotransmitter released by pain receptors and other cells in pain pathway	Substance P
Theory concerning the top-down blocking of pain info entering brain	Gate Theory
Midbrain area that is probably the source of this blocking	Peri-Aquaductal Grey or PAG
"Endogenous morphines" released by above	Endorphins
Type of inter-neuron in spine that responds to above input	Inhibitory Interneuron (SG)
Opiate antagonist that reduces analgesic effects of morphine & acupuncture	Naloxone
Type of muscle, made of parallel fibes, attached by tendons to bones	Striate Muscles
One type of above, that moves bone toward body, in antagonistic pair with…	Flexors
…other type, that moves bone away from body	Extensors
Where neuron releases NT that depolarizes muscle fiber cells > contraction	Neuro-Muscular Junction
Neurotransmitter released by effector neurons to contract muscles	Acetylcholine ACh
The contractile unit of a muscle fiber, consisting of…	Sarcomere
Thick protein filament with knobby bead-like Cross Bridges along it, and…	Myosin
Thin braided protein filament, anchored to muscle, that above hook into & tighten	Actin
A proprioceptor that detects passive stretch of a muscle, triggering…	Spindle
A mono-synaptic reflex that contracts muscle to counter passive stretch	Stretch Reflex
A reflex triggered by Tendon Organs detecting excessive contraction in muscle	Golgi Reflex
A reflex triggered by pain detectors, rapidly removing skin from source of pain	Pain Withdrawal Reflex
A reflex involving an Oscillator Circuit producing a fixed-rate rhythm	Scratch Reflex
Reflexes, such as "rooting" or "grasping", found in newborns	Infant Reflexes
Area of cortex that includes body map, sends movement commands to Stem and Cord	Primary Motor Cortex
Location of above	Pre-Central Gyrus
Anterior to above, active during preparation to move, receives esp from Visua-Spatial areas	Premotor Cortex
Above includes cells that respond to image of self, or other, performing familiar manual task	Mirror Cells
Lateral area that plans articulation, helps generate gramatical sentences (esp in left hemi)	Broca's Area
Dorsal to above, also active during prep, esp for rapid moves, receives from Parietal	Supplementary Motor Cortex
Fast, crossing paths from Pyramids in cortex, esp. for precise control of peripheral moves	Cortico-Spinal Pathway
Above stops at this Midbrain structure on way from Cortex to Medulla & Cord	Red Nucleus (of Tegmentum)
Mainly ipsilateral pathways for posture & gross movement of neck, shoulders & trunk	Ventro-Medial Pathway
"Little brain" involved esp in coordinated movement requiring aiming and timing	Cerebellum
Movements that occur very rapidly & generally cannot be altered once begun	Ballistic
"Telephone poles" in cerebellar cortex that help code time as distance	Purkinje Cells
"Wires" in above whose action potentials release excitatory NT	Parallel Fibers
Central areas that receive from "telephone poles" and send output to Brain/Cord	Deep Nuclei
Set of forebrain structures controlling posture, muscle tone, & smooth movement	Basal Ganglia
Movement impairment, marked by rigidity, tremors etc, from degeneration of…	Parkinson's Disease
Midbrain structure whose dopaminergic axons synapse in Basal Ganglia	Substantia Nigra
Precursor of dopamine, crosses barrier, converted by neurons into dopamine	L-Dopa
EEG while awake/active, 18-24 Hz, Very high freq, very desynchronized	Beta Activity
EEG while awake/relaxed, 8-12 Hz, Like above, somewhat more sync’d	Alpha Activity
EEG during Sleep I, 4-7 Hz, Lower freq, still quite irregular, more sync'd	Theta Activity
EEG during Sleep 3(&4), <4 Hz in less (&more) than 50% , Very low freq, very high voltage, very sync’d	Delta Activity
During Sleep 2, 2 types of intermittent bursts of high freq or voltage, as brain settles into deeper sleep	Spindle and K Complex
Another term for Sleep 3 & 4, re: its low frequency EEG and highly synchronized activity	Slow Wave Sleep
Stage of Sleep associated with dreams	REM (Rapid Eye Movement)
Another name for above due to its contradictory nature (active, desynch'd brain, but paralyzed body)	Paradoxical Sleep
Condition in which Pons suppresses motor signals sent to Cord, so muscle action prohibited	Atonia
Sequence of activation in Pons => (Lateral) Geniculate => Occipital Cortex that initiates dream sleep	PGO Wave
Excitatory neurotransmitter released by above to desychronize brain	ACh
Duration ( minutes) of one sleep cycle through Stages 1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, “Dream” sleep	90 Minutes
Condition after sleep deprivation in which system attempts to enter “Dream” sleep more frequently	REM Rebound
Location in Hypothalamus of Circadian Clock	Suprachiasmatic Nuc (SCN)
“Time Giver”, a stimulus, such a bright sunlight, that can reset Circadian Clock	Zeitgeber
Path of Optic Nerve collateral that connects special visual receptors in eye directly to clock	Retino-Hypothalamic Path
Gland that produces a hormone that impacts on Hypothalamus to increase sleepiness	Pineal Gland
The hormone mentioned above, which can also be taken as a sleep aid.	Melatonin
Forebrain structure (anterior & dorsal to Hypothal) that modifies arousal in cortex	Basal Forebrain
Neurotransmitter released by above that increases cortical arousal	ACh
Neurotransmitter released by above that decreases cortical arousal	GABA
Chemical that builds up in cells, released as NT, inhibits release of above excitatory NT, promotes sleep	Adenosine
Stimulant that blocks receptors for above, allowing continued cortical arousal	Caffeine
Nucleus of Hypothalamus critical in initiating sleep (also assesses & regulates body temperature)	PreOptic Area
Structure in Pons whose functions include shutting off REM sleep	Raphe Nuclei
Neurotransmitter released by above nuclei; very low in Slow Wave Sleep, very high at the end of REM	Serotonin (5HT)
“Net” from Medulla & Pons, for widespread arousal of Forebrain, esp Thalamus and Basal Forebrain	Reticular Formation
Two neurotransmitters released by above, to alert brain	ACh and Glutamate
(“Dark Blue Place”) An arousal center, active during new tasks , vigilance, memory formation	Locus Coeruleus
Neurotransmitter released by above, absent during dreams; Amphetamines are antagonists for this NT	Norepinepherine (NE)
Effects of reproductive hormones on anatomy vs. on behavior	Organizing vs. Activating
Class of reproductive hormones found in greater proportion in Females vs. in Males	Estrogens vs. Androgens
Sex chromosomes typical of Females vs. Males, which help determine gender	XX vs. XY
Systems of ducts in fetus that become part of internal reproductive organs of Males vs. Females	Wolffian vs. Muellerian
A Male hormone, produced by testes, responsible for development of Male anatomy and behavior	Testosterone
Another Male hormone that inhibits development of Female system of internal ducts	Anti-Muellerian Hormone
Enzyme produced by “switch” on Male chromosome that leads to the development of gender	Testis-Determining Factor (TDF)
Condition in which genetic-male fetus does not respond to Male hormones and thus develops as Female	Androgen-Insensitivity
Condition in which fetus lacks Y Chromosome, develops internally & externally as infertile Female	Turner’s Syndrome
A Female hormone, (similar to Testosterone) that, once inside fetal cells, promotes Male development	Estradiol
Chemical in fetal bood that prevents mother’s hormones from entering fetal cells and masculinizing fetus	Apha-Fetoprotein
Area of Hypothalamus w/receptor sites for Male hormones, esp active during Male sexual behavior	Medial Preoptic Area (MPOA)
Above includes this nucleus which is 2.5X larger in Males than Females	Sexually Dimorphic Nuc (SDN)
Part of above nucleus that is smaller in both Females and Homosexual Males	INAH3
Area of Hypothalamus w/receptor sites for Female hormones, esp active during Female sexual behavior	Ventro-Medial H. (VMH),
Fibers connecting cortical hemispheres which is thicker in Females, who are thus less-lateralized	Corpus Callosum
Hormones released by Hypothalamus causing Anterior Pituitary to release its reproductive hormones	Gonadotropin-Releasing (GnRH)
Two Gonadotropic hormones that stimulate development and behavior in both genders	LH and FSH
Male hormone released by Female Adrenal Glands, stimulates secondary hair growth & sexual behavior	Androstenedione
Area near Basal Forebrain associated with the sensation of sexual pleasure	Nucleus Accumbens
Neurotransmitter released by above area in response to sexual stimulation	Dopamine
Hormone released by Posterior Pituitary at time of orgasm	Oxytocin
Hormone released by Anterior Pituitary for refractory period in Males and milk production in Females	Prolactin
Part of Tegmentum active especially in Females during sex	Periaqueductal Gray Area
Neurotransmitter released by above area, including to supress potential for pain	Endorphins
Theory that suggests emotion is an after-the-fact label we give to arousal and assoc'd behavior	James-Lange Theory
Theory: Once threat perceived (via Thalamus), emotion is simultaneous ANS activity & subjective experience	Cannon-Bard Theory
Update of above that includes Limbic Syustem in circuit	Papez Circuit
Theory: Emotion is interaction between cognitive appraisal and autonomic/limbic activity	Schater-Singer Theory
Key Limbic structure implicated in interpreting valenced situations and coordinating an emotional response	Amygdala
Area of above, when stimulated, promotes attack	Corticomdial Area
Area of above responsible for coordinating Startle Reflex	Lateral Nuclei
Areas of above involved in Coniditioned Fear and subsequent enhancement of Startle Reflex	Central & Basolateral Nuclei
Degenerative calcium buildup in Amygdala that results in deficits in interpreting facial expressions	Urbach-Weith Disease
Area of cortex, w/reciprocal connections to Amygdala, involved in expressing, inhibiting & reading emotion	Prefrontal Cortex
Famous patient with damage to above area from accident during building railway	Phineas Gage
Capacity to attribute mental states to others, prob. mediated by late-developing Prefrontal-Amygdala links	Theory of Mind
Prefrontal assessment of negative situation one is powerless to affect, can lead to Parasym-rebound ulcers	Helplessness
Vetral, medial area of above cortical region involved in facial expression and (taste) reaction of disgust	Anterior Insula
Result of damage in above area involving deficit in ability to spontaneously smile	Emotional Facial Paresis
Result of damage to Motor Cortex for facial region that involves in deficit in voluntarily showing teeth	Volitional Facial Paresis
Common task used in lab to assess risk aversion	Gambling Task
NT whose low turnover level (per metabolite 5-HIAA levels) assoc'd w/impulsiveness, aggression & depression	Serotonin
Excitatory NT associated with enhanced Startle Reflex	CCK
Inhibitory NT, admits Cl- inons into cells, whose agonists (Valium, Xanax) are used to combat anxiety	GABA
Rule of Conditioning: Event assoc'd with + (vs. -) reinforcement will (vs. not) be repeated	Law of Effect
Developed association between stimuli, especially involving an unconditioned response	Classical Conditioning
Developed association between stimulus and response	Operant Conditioning
Co-activated neural circuits presumably involved in learning and retrieval of associations	Hebbian Cell Assemblies
Physical changes in cells involved in above, associated with learning	Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)
Area of brain in which above process has been well studied/described	Hippocampus
Type NT involved in above	Glutamate
Type of receptor site for above NT that is ionotropic and easy to stimulate	AMPA
Type of receptor site for above NT that is difficult to stimulate, & often requires above to first hypo-polarize cell	NMDA
Type of ion that blocks ion gate of above receptor site	Mg++
Type of receptor site that above can change into, after repeated co-activity in a circuit	AMPA
One kind of change to dendrite structure that results in an increase in surface area and thus of available sites	Dendritic Branching
Act by post-synaptic cell membrane that results in division of "active zone" of pre-synaptic terminal	Perforation
DNA transcribed to RNS translated to Protein production that increases likelihood of neural activity	Genetic changes
Rare (except in Hippocampus) generation of new neurons associated with learning	Neurogenesis
Recall of specific locations, spatial judgments of familiarity	Spatial Memory
Area of brain in which above process has been well studied/described	Hippocampus
Motor Skill, How to do it (peck a target, ride a bike)	Procedural Memory
Areas of brain in which above process has been well studied/described	Cerebellum & Striatum
Episodic (personal history) & Semantic/Associative (facts) memory	Declarative Memory
Areas of brain in which above process has been well studied/described	Hippo. & Mediodorsal Thal
Types of cells found in Hippocampus whose activity becomes associated with particular parts of a familiar env	Place Cells
The type of map formed by a subject who gets to know the spatial layout of a particular environment	Cognitive Map
Subsection of above hindbrain area associated with conditioning of "eye blink" response	Lateral Imterpositus (LIP)
Area of Tegmentum (in midrain) that also plays a role in "eye blink" response	Red Nucleus
Task requiring application of rule "Pick alternative that is the same as the sample stimulus"	Match to Sample
Area leasioned in rats caused impairment on above task	Hippocampus
Area that projects to Prefrontal Cortex, implicated in declarative memory	Mediodorsal Thalamus
Area of Cortex associated with "working memory", especially when response delays are involved	Prefrontal Cortex
Syndrome, from B1 deficiency via chronic alcoholism, that esp affects cells of above area	Korsakoff's Syndrome
Type of memory deficit most commonly associated with above	Anterograde Amnesia
Symptom of above involving "tale-telling" in which imagination not distinguished from knowledge	Confabulation
Famous patient with damage to Hippocampus & other temporal areas. Symptoms include…	H.M.
Deficit in ability to generate new ("consolidate") memories	Anterograde Amnesia
Type of learning/memories above patient unable to form	Declarative Memory
Above patient did NOT show deficits in this type of learning/memory	Procedural Memory
Limbic structure that plays a role in learning such as "Conditioned Fear", and in arousal to "taboo"	Amygdala
Deficit in ability to recognize (remember) faces	Prosopagnosia
Area of brain associated with above, where presumably relevant data are "stored"	Inferior Temporal Cortex
Area of brain where well-learned voices, words are "stored"	Dorsal Temporal Cortex
Dominance of one cerebral hemisphere over the other for particular functions	Lateralization
Test in which one hemisphere is anesthetized to test for capacity/speed of processing of other	Wada Test
Area in left temporal cortex larger in most humans (& some other primates), assoc'd with language processing	Planum Temporale
Cognitive principle that like-disrupts-like (e.g. left hemisphere activated by language>>slower rt hand response)	Interference
Main bundle of axons connecting two hemispheres	Corpus Callosum
Patient in whom above connections have been severed (as in treatment for Epilepsy)	Split-Brain Patient
Additional inter-hemisphere connection, between anterior cortex, esp of temporal lobes	Anterior Commisure
Hemisphere dominant for most language processing	Left Hemisphere
Area associated with language production	Broca's Area
Location of this area	Frontal Cortex (Lateral Premotor)
Type of aphasia associated with damage to this area	Broca's (or Productive) Aphasia
One type of difficulty in above, in which speech is slow and halting	Atriculation
Another deficit involving word order and the use of syntax markers	Agrammatism
The fixed class of terms that organize syntactical relations such as prepositions, articles, conjunctions, etc.	Closed Class Terms
Deficit involving difficulty in "finding" words, esp of the above class	Anomia
Deficit in one aspect of the "language of the deaf" associated with the above	Sign Language Production
Area associated with language comprehension	Wernicke's Area
Location of this area	Temporal Cortex (Dorso-Posterior)
Type of aphasia associated with damage to this area	Wernicke's (or Receptive) Aphasia
Unlabored speech, with normal prosody, as seen in above	Fluency
Deficit involving difficulty in "finding" words, esp of the class below	Anomia
Open (changeable) class of terms that includes nouns and verbs	Content Terms
Deficit in which patient cannot understand spoken words at all (even if can read or write)	Pure Word Deafness
Deficit involving using irrelevant or made-up words	Nonsensical Speech
Aspect of language of the deaf NOT affected by damage to the above area	Sign Language Comprehension
Cortical area in which damage would result in affecting above language of the deaf	Parietal Lobe
Fibers that connect the above areas involved in production and comprehension of speech	Arcuate Fasiculus
Type of aphasia associated with damage to this area	Conduction Aphasia
Deficit in which similar sounding words, but with different meanings, are substituted during attempt to repeat	Phonemic Paraphasia
Aspect of working memory involving rehearsal that is probably important normal function of these connections	Phonological Loop
The following are specializations of this hemisphere	Right Hemisphere
Ability to get the "gist", to see the "larger picture", to organize narrative, etc.	Global Pattern Recognition
Abilites involved in learning, remembering and navigating environments	Spatial Abilities
Abilites involved in facial and nonverbal expression and interpretation	Socio-Emotional
Domain in which above abilites come into play in the aesthetic organization of sound	Music

Created by: willmichaelsen

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