Carbohydrates Word Scramble
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Carbohydrates | The most abundant organic molecules on the planet; act as metabolites, components of complexes, and structural entities. |
What is the carbohydrate general formula? | (CH2O)m |
Name the one carbohydrate which does not have a chiral center. | dihydroxyacetone |
T or F: Monomers and oligomers of carbohydrates are insoluble. | False |
Aldose | Contains a carbonyl moiety at the end of the carbon chain. |
Ketose | Contains a carbonyl moiety one carbon away from the end of the carbon chain. |
What is the formula for the number of aldoses? | 2^(m-2) |
What is the formula for the number of ketoses? | 2^(m-3) |
Stereoisomers | Compounds with identical covalent binding apart from chiral connectivity. |
Enantiomers | Compounds with opposite chirality at all chiral centers; identical in properties except when interacting with other chiral molecules. |
Epimers | Compounds with opposite chirality at exactly one chiral center. |
T or F: D sugars are more prevalent than L sugars. | True |
Cyclic sugars | Sugars with at least four carbon atoms in which the carbonyl oxygen atom becomes apart of the ring. |
T or F: Cyclic sugars form via a redox reaction. | False |
Hemiacetal/hemiketal | Aldehyde and ketone derivatives which have the addition of an alcohol to the carbonyl group. |
Anomeric carbon | A carbon attached to two different oxygen atoms in a ring. |
What are common substitutions on furanose and pyranose sugars? | Amination, acetyl amination, carboxylation. |
T or F: Sugar alcohols are formed via the reduction of sugars. | True |
________ are significant metabolic intermediates. | Phosphate esters |
Glycoside | Any compound in which the hydroxyl group of the anomeric carbon is replaced via condensation. |
T or F: All oligosaccharides are glycosides. | True |
Sucrose | A disaccharide with glucose and fructose monomers linked at anomeric carbons. |
T or F: Sugar hydroxyls are ionizable. | False |
Reducing sugars | Can undergo ring-opening to form an open-chain aldehyde compound which can then be oxidized to carboxylic acids. |
______ is the test used for reducing sugars. | Benedict's test |
T or F: Sucrose is a reducing sugar | False |
T or F: Reducing sugars must have a free anomeric carbon. | True |
T or F: the Reducing end of the sugar is involved in the glycosidic bond. | False |
Glycosides can be __-linked or __-linked. | N, O |
Nucleosides are an example of __-linked glycosides. | N |
Homoglycans | A polysaccharide consisting one type of monomer. |
Heteroglycans | A polysaccharide consisting of more than one type of monomer. |
The storage homoglycans are _____ and _____. | starch, glycogen |
The structural homoglycans are _____ and _____. | cellulose, chitin |
_______ are an example of a heteroglycan. | Glycosaminoglycans |
Cellulose has ____ types of linkages made up of _____ units. | beta(1-4), glucose |
Chitin has _____ types of linkages made up of _____ units. | beta(1-4), GlcNAc |
Glycosaminoglycans have _____ types of linkages made up of ______ units. | beta(1-3,4) hyaluronic acid (GlcUA, GlcNAc) |
Glycoconjugates | Poly or oligosaccharides covalently linked to proteins or peptides. |
Glycoconjugates include ______, ______, and _______. | proteoglycans, peptidoglycans,glycoproteins |
Proteoglycans are considered to be ________. | glycosaminoglycans |
The components of proteoglycans are _____ and ______. | alduronic acid, GaIN GlcN GalNAc or GlcNAc units |
Proteoglycans can be found in _____ and ______. | cartilage, joint fluid |
Peptidoglycans | Polysaccharides linked to small proteins. |
Peptidoglycans are hydrolyzed by _______. | lysozyme |
Gram (-) | A thin peptidoglycan layer which separates two phospholipid bilayers. |
Gram (+) | One bilayer with a thicker peptidoglycan cell wall outside. |
T or F: Gram (-) bacteria will bind to gram stain. | False |
Periplasmic space | Space inside the cell membrane and inside the peptidoglycan layer. |
In glycoproteins, there is always a glycosidic linkage at the _____ carbon. | first |
PTM glycosylation is more common in _______. | eukaryotes |
O-linked oligosaccharides | GalNAc linked to ser or thr often with Gal or Sialic acid on GalNAc; proteoglycans joined via Gal-Gal-Xyl-ser. |
N-linked oligosaccharides | Usually linked to Asn. |
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