Bio Final (Exam 3) Word Scramble
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Question | Answer |
clade | species that share a common ancestor by as indicated by the possession of shared derived characteristics |
homology | existence of shared ancestry between a pair of structures or genes in different species |
cladistics | a taxonomic technique used for creating hierarchies of organisms that represent true phylogeny and evolutionary relationships. only shared characteristics are considered informative about evolutionary relationships |
derived characteristics | similarity inherited from the most recent common ancestor of the entire group |
ancestral characteristics | similarity from before the most common ancestor of the group |
homoplasy | shared character state that has not been inherited from a common ancestor (convergent evolution) |
cladogram | visual representation of a hypothesis of evolutionary history |
paraphyletic | a common ancestor with some of its descendants |
monophyletic | a common ancestor and all of its descendants |
polyphyletic | doesn't include the most recent common ancestor of all the organisms |
parsimony | the theory with the fewest assumptions is most likely to be correct |
phylogeny | evolutionary history of an organism, including which species are closely related |
ontogeny | origin and development of an organism from embryo to adult |
synapomorphy | derived character that is shared by clade members |
symplesiomorphy | alternate term for ancestral trait |
ingroup | the species whose evolutionary history is being studied |
outgroup | species which diverged before the common ancestor of the rest of the species in the clade |
biological species concept | species are those that can interbreed |
phylogenetic species concept | smallest set of organism that share an ancestor and can be distinguished from other such sets |
taxonomy | science of classifying living things |
binomial nomenclature | the system of nomenclature in which two terms are used to denote a species |
domain | the highest level of organization |
7 properties of life | made of cells require energy grow and reproduce adapted to their environment ordered complexity respond to stimuli maintain homeostasis |
relative dating of fossils | compare the local strata of rock, with deeper indicating older |
absolute dating of fossils | use the half-life of various isotopes to pin down the exact age of fossils |
Miller-Urey experiment | found that the early atmosphere of Earth could give rise to organic compounds |
order of classification | Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
memory trick for the orders of classification | Dear king Phillip comes over for great sex |
endosymbiosis | mitochondria and chloroplasts used to be free bacteria which were engulfed by early prokaryotes. |
cyanobacteria | photosynthetic bacteria |
bacterial shapes | bacillus, coccus and spirillum |
bacillus | rod shaped |
coccus | sphere shaped |
spirillum | helical shaped |
flagellum | long, thread like structures which protrude from the surface of a cell and are used in locomotion |
peptidoglycan | component of bacteria's cell wall, consisting of carbohydrate polymers |
horizontal gene transfer | passage of genes between species or within a generation |
nucleoid region | area of a prokaryotic cell where the DNA is contained |
gram positive bacteria | large amounts of peptidoglycan and are turned purple by gram-staining |
gram negative bacteria | small amounts of peptidoglycan and turned pink by gram-staining |
prokaryotes | cells lacking a membrane bound nucleus and organelles |
eukaryotes | cells with a membrane bound nucleus and organelles |
organelles | areas within a cell that perform a specific function |
extinction | death of all individuals within a species |
endemic hotspot | a location in which many endemic species occur |
endemic species | a species which only occurs in one place |
biodiversity | a measure of how many different species occur in an area |
introduced species | a species brought to an area where it doesn't occur naturally |
keystone species | one which exerts an oversized influence on the ecosystem |
autotroph (producer) | makes it own energy |
hetertroph (consumer) | gets energy from other organisms |
ways that people screw up the environment | pollution over-exploitation habitat destruction introduction of non-native species |
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evan787
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