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Bio Final (Exam 3)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| clade | species that share a common ancestor by as indicated by the possession of shared derived characteristics |
| homology | existence of shared ancestry between a pair of structures or genes in different species |
| cladistics | a taxonomic technique used for creating hierarchies of organisms that represent true phylogeny and evolutionary relationships. only shared characteristics are considered informative about evolutionary relationships |
| derived characteristics | similarity inherited from the most recent common ancestor of the entire group |
| ancestral characteristics | similarity from before the most common ancestor of the group |
| homoplasy | shared character state that has not been inherited from a common ancestor (convergent evolution) |
| cladogram | visual representation of a hypothesis of evolutionary history |
| paraphyletic | a common ancestor with some of its descendants |
| monophyletic | a common ancestor and all of its descendants |
| polyphyletic | doesn't include the most recent common ancestor of all the organisms |
| parsimony | the theory with the fewest assumptions is most likely to be correct |
| phylogeny | evolutionary history of an organism, including which species are closely related |
| ontogeny | origin and development of an organism from embryo to adult |
| synapomorphy | derived character that is shared by clade members |
| symplesiomorphy | alternate term for ancestral trait |
| ingroup | the species whose evolutionary history is being studied |
| outgroup | species which diverged before the common ancestor of the rest of the species in the clade |
| biological species concept | species are those that can interbreed |
| phylogenetic species concept | smallest set of organism that share an ancestor and can be distinguished from other such sets |
| taxonomy | science of classifying living things |
| binomial nomenclature | the system of nomenclature in which two terms are used to denote a species |
| domain | the highest level of organization |
| 7 properties of life | made of cells require energy grow and reproduce adapted to their environment ordered complexity respond to stimuli maintain homeostasis |
| relative dating of fossils | compare the local strata of rock, with deeper indicating older |
| absolute dating of fossils | use the half-life of various isotopes to pin down the exact age of fossils |
| Miller-Urey experiment | found that the early atmosphere of Earth could give rise to organic compounds |
| order of classification | Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
| memory trick for the orders of classification | Dear king Phillip comes over for great sex |
| endosymbiosis | mitochondria and chloroplasts used to be free bacteria which were engulfed by early prokaryotes. |
| cyanobacteria | photosynthetic bacteria |
| bacterial shapes | bacillus, coccus and spirillum |
| bacillus | rod shaped |
| coccus | sphere shaped |
| spirillum | helical shaped |
| flagellum | long, thread like structures which protrude from the surface of a cell and are used in locomotion |
| peptidoglycan | component of bacteria's cell wall, consisting of carbohydrate polymers |
| horizontal gene transfer | passage of genes between species or within a generation |
| nucleoid region | area of a prokaryotic cell where the DNA is contained |
| gram positive bacteria | large amounts of peptidoglycan and are turned purple by gram-staining |
| gram negative bacteria | small amounts of peptidoglycan and turned pink by gram-staining |
| prokaryotes | cells lacking a membrane bound nucleus and organelles |
| eukaryotes | cells with a membrane bound nucleus and organelles |
| organelles | areas within a cell that perform a specific function |
| extinction | death of all individuals within a species |
| endemic hotspot | a location in which many endemic species occur |
| endemic species | a species which only occurs in one place |
| biodiversity | a measure of how many different species occur in an area |
| introduced species | a species brought to an area where it doesn't occur naturally |
| keystone species | one which exerts an oversized influence on the ecosystem |
| autotroph (producer) | makes it own energy |
| hetertroph (consumer) | gets energy from other organisms |
| ways that people screw up the environment | pollution over-exploitation habitat destruction introduction of non-native species |
Created by:
evan787
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