Chapter 2-5 vocal Word Scramble
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Term | Definition |
Matter | anything that takes up space and has mass |
Elements | substance that cannot be chemically broken down to other types of matter |
Compound | made up of two of more elements combined in a fixed ratio |
Trace elements | requited in very minute quantities |
Atom | smallest unit of an element retaining physical and chemical properties of that element |
Neutrons | uncharged |
Protons | positively charged |
Electrons | negatively charged |
Atomic number | number of protons. Unless otherwise the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons |
Mass number | equal to the number of protons and neutrons |
Isotopes | the number of neutrons can vary among the atoms of an element |
Potential energy | stored in matter |
Electron shells or energy levels | electrons can orbit in several different potential energy states |
Valence electrons | the outermost electron shell |
Orbital | three dimensional space or volume which an electron is most likely to be found |
Chemical bonds | atoms with incomplete valence shells can either share electrons with or completely transfer electrons to or from other atoms to complete valence shell. Which results in attractions |
Covalent bond | when two atoms share a pair of valence electrons |
Molecule | consists of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds |
Structural formula | indicates both the number and type of atoms and also the bonding within a molecule |
Molecular formula | indicates the kinds and numbers of atoms in a molecule |
Electronegativity | is the attraction of an atom for shared electrons |
Nonpolar | if the electrons remain equally shared between the two nuclei and the covalent bond |
Polar covalent bond | unequal sharing of electrons result in a slight negative charge |
Ions | if two atoms are very different in their attraction for the shared electrons, the more electronegative atom may completely transfer an electron from another atom, resulting in the formation of charged atom |
Cation | atom that lost the electron is positively charged |
Anion | negatively charged atom that gained the electron |
Ionic bond | holds these atoms( cation and anion) together because of the attraction of their opposite charges |
Ionic compounds | also called salts, exist as three dimensional crystalline lattice arrangements help together by electrical attractions |
Hydrogen bond | when a hydrogen atoms is covalently bonded with an electronegative atom (O, N, F) and thus has a partial positive charge, it can be attracted to another electronegative atom |
Van der Waals interaction | momentary uneven electron distribution produce changing positive and negative regions that create these weak attractions |
Chemical reactions | making and breaking of chemical bonds in the transformation of matter into different forms |
Chemical equilibrium | forward and reverse reactions proceed at the same rate and the relative concentrations of reactants and products no longer change. |
Polar molecule | has a v shape with a slight positive charge on each hydrogen atom and a slight negative charge associated with the oxygen |
Cohesion | creates a more structurally organized liquids and enables water to move against gravity in plants |
Adhesion | of water molecules to the walls of plant vessels also contributes to water transport |
Surface tension | hydrogen bonding between water molecules produces this at the interference between water and air |
Kinetic energy | the energy associated with the movement of atoms and molecules |
Temperature | measures the average kinetic energy of the molecule in a substance |
Calorie(cal) | the amount of heat energy it takes to raise 1 g of water 10C |
Kilocalorie(kcal) | is 1,000 calories, the amount of heat required to raise 1 kg of water 10c |
Joule | equals .239 cal |
Specific heat | is the amount of heat absorbed or lost when 1 g of substance changes its temperature by 1OC |
Evaporation | liquid to a gas |
Heat of vaporization | quantity of heat that must be absorbed by 1 g of a liquid to be converted to a gas |
Evaporative cooling | as a substance vaporizes the liquid left behind loses the kinetic energy of the escaping molecules and cools down |
Solution | a liquid homogenous mixture of two or more substances |
Solvent | the dissolving agent |
Solute | substance that is dissolved |
Aqueous solution | one of which is water is the solvent |
Hydrophilic | these are ionic and polar substances, they have an affinity for water due to electrical attractions and hydrogen bonding |
Hydrophobic | these are nonpolar and non- ionic, they will not mix with or dissolve in water |
Mole(mol) | amount of a substance that has a mass in grams numerically equivalent to it molecular weight(sum of the weight of all atoms in the molecule) in Daltons. It has exactly the same number of molecules, 6.02x 1023 |
Molarity | number of moles of a solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution |
Acid | adds H- to a solution |
Base | reduces H+ |
Strong acids or Strong base | dissociated completely when mixed with water |
Weak acids or weak base | reversibly dissociates, releasing or binding H+ |
PH | -log[H+] |
Buffers | maintain a constant pH by accepting excess H+ ions or donating H+ ions when H+ concentration decreases |
Acid precipitation | with a pH lower than normal pH 5.6, dud to the reaction of water in the atmosphere with the sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides released by the combustion of fossil fuels |
Organic chemistry | the study of carbon-containing molecules |
Hydrocarbons | consisting of only carbon and hydrogen |
Isomers | compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements and thus different properties |
Structural isomers | different in the arrangement of atoms and often the location of double bonds |
Geometric isomers | have the same sequence of covalently bonded atoms but differ in spatial arrangement due to the inflexibility of double bonds |
Enantiomers | are left and right handed versions of each other and differ greatly in their biological activity |
Hydroxyl group- | consists of an oxygen and hydrogen(-OH) covalently bonded to the carbon skeleton. Molecules that have this group are called alcohols, their name often end in –ol |
Carbonyl group | consists of a carbon bonded to an oxygen. If this group is at the end of the carbon skeleton it is called aldehyde. If not then it is called ketone |
Carboxyl group | consists of a carbon double bonded to an oxygen and also attached to a hydroxyl group (-COOH). Compounds with this group is called carboxylic acid or organic acids because they tend to dissociate to release H+ |
Amino group | consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen (-NH2). Compound with this group is called amines, can act as bases |
Sulfhydryl group | consists of sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen (-SH). Thiols are what they are called that contains this group |
Phosphate group | bonded to the carbon skeleton by its oxygen attached to the phosphorus atom that is bonded to three other oxygen atoms (-OP3-2). This group is an anion due to the dissociation of hydrogen ions |
Macromolecules | giant molecules (proteins, lipids, carbohdrates, nucleic acid) |
Polymer | are chainlike molecules formed from the linking together of many monomers |
Monomers | small molecules |
Condensation reaction (dehydration reaction) | one monomer provides a hydroxyl (-OH) and the other contributes a hydrogen (-H) to release a water molecule and a covalent bond between the monomers is formed |
Hydrolysis | the breaking of bonds between a monomer through the addition of water molecules. A hydroxyl is joined to one monomer while hydrogen is bonded with the other |
Carbohydrates | include sugar and their polymers |
Sugars | (smallest carbohydrate) serve as fuel and carbon source |
Monosaccharide | have the general formula (CH2O)n . The number of these units forming a sugar varies from 3-7 with hexoses (C6H12O6) trioses and pentose found most commonly |
Disaccharide | is a sugar (a carbohydrate) composed of two monosaccharides |
Sucrose | it’s a disaccharide consisting of a glucose and a fructose molecule. Also know as table sugar |
Glycosidic linkage | covalent bond formed by a dehydration reaction between two monosaccharides |
Polysaccharides | storage or structural macromolecules made from a few hundred to few thousand monosaccharides |
Starch | a storage molecule in plants, is polymer made of glucose molecules joined by 1-4 linkage that gives starch a helical shape |
Glycogen | a highly branched polymer of glucose, as their energy storage from. Animals produce this |
Cellulose | major component of plant cell walls. It differs from starch by the configuration of the ring from of glucose an the resulting geometry of the glycosidic bonds |
Chitin | a structural polysaccharide formed from glucose monomers with nitrogen-containing groups and found in the exoskeleton of arthropods and the cell walls of many fungi |
Lipids | fats phospholipids and steroids are a diverse assemblage of macromolecules that are classed together called…? They are based on their hydrophobic behavior. They do not form polymers |
Fats | composed of fatty acids attached to the 3 carbon alcohol, glycerol |
Fatty acid | consists of a long hydrocarbon “tail” with a carboxyl group at the “head” end. The nonpolar hydrocarbons make this hydrophobic |
Triacylglycerol | also called fat, consists of 3 fatty acids, each linked to glycerol by an ester linkage, a bond that forms between a hydroxyl and a carboxyl group. |
Unsaturated fatty acids | fatty acids with double bonds in their carbon skeleton. The double bond creates a kink in the shape of the molecule and prevent the fat molecule from packing closely together and becoming liquid at room temperature. Fats of plants and fishes are examples |
Saturated fatty acids | have no double bonds in their carbon skeleton. Most animals fat are this and are solid at room temperature. |
Phospholipids | consists of glycerol linked to two fatty acids and a negatively charged phosphate group, to which other small molecules may be attached |
Steroids | are class of lipids distinguished by 4 connected carbon rings with various functional groups attached |
Cholesterol | its an important steroid that is common component of animal cell membranes and a precursor for other steroids, including many hormones |
Proteins | central to almost every function of life. Consist of one or more polypeptide chain |
Polypeptide | is a polymer of amino acids |
Amino acids | are composed of asymmetric carbon, called alpha carbon, bonded to a hydrogen, carboxyl group and amino group and a variable side chain called the R group |
Peptide bond | links the amino group of one amino acid with the carboxyl group of another |
Primary structure | the unique, sequence of amino acids within a protein |
Secondary structure | involves the coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone |
Alpha helix | a coil produced by hydrogen bonding between every fourth amino acid |
Beta pleated sheet | is also held by repeated hydrogen bonds along the polypeptide backbone |
Tertiary structure | interaction between the various side chains |
Hydrophobic interactions | between nonpolar sided groups in the center of the molecule, van der waals interaction, hydrogen bonds, and ionic bonds between negatively and positively charged side chains produce the stable and unique shape of the protein |
Disulfide bridges | strong covalent bonds, may occur between the sulfhydryl side groups of cysteine monomers that have been brought close together by the folding of polypeptide |
Quaternary structure | occurs in proteins that are composed of more than one polypeptide chain |
Denature | losing its native conformation and thus its function |
x-ray crystallography | coupled with computer modeling and graphics, biochemist have established the three dimensional shape of many of these molecules |
chaperonins | assist the folding of other proteins |
genes | units of inheritance that determine the primary structure of proteins |
nucleic acids | macromolecules that carry and transmit this code |
DNA( deoxyribonucleic acid) | the genetic material that is inherited from one generation to the next and is reproduced in each cell of an organism |
RNA( ribonucleic acid) | directs the synthesis of proteins, the ultimate enactors of the genetic program |
Nucleotides | monomers that consist of pentos( five carbon sugar) covalently bonded to a phosphate group a nitrogenous base |
Pyrimidines | one of the families of nitrogenous bases that include cytosine( C) Thymine(T)( only in DNA(, and uracil( U)( only in RNA) are characterized by six member rings of carbon and nitrogen atoms |
Purines | one of the families of nitrogenous base that include adenine(A) and guanine (G) add a five member ring to the pyrimidine ring. |
Polynucleotide | nucleotides are linked together into a DNA polymer |
Double helix | DNA molecule consist of 2 chains of polynucleotides spiraling around an imaginary axis |
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