Mary James Bio Final Word Scramble
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Term | Definition |
3 factors of Energy Requirements | Size, Activity Level and Location/Environment |
Metabolic Rate | Sum of all the energy an animal uses in a given time interval |
How to measure Metabolic Rate | Measure how much O2 is consumed |
4 functions of digestive system | Ingest, Digest, Absorb, and Eliminate |
3 dietary categories of animals | Herbivore, Carnivore, and Omnivore |
Herbivore | mainly eats plants or algae |
Carnivore | mainly eats other animals |
Omnivore | eats both plants and other animals |
Diet's 3 nutritional needs | Chemical energy, taking in building blocks, take in essential nutrients |
Chemical energy | used to make ATP by sugar, fats, proteins, and carbs |
Building blocks | used to make macromolecules (have to take in Carbon, Nitrogen, Water, and Phosphorus |
Essential Nutrients | can't make them so must be premade |
4 Essential Nutrients | Essential Amino Acids, Essential Lipids/ Fatty Acids, Inorganic Minerals, Organic Vitamins (need small amounts, fat soluble and water soluble |
Inorganic Minerals | Zinc, Sodium, Pottasium, Calcium, and Iron |
Fat Soluble Organic Vitamins | Vitamins A, D, E, and K |
Water Soluble Organic Vitamins | Vitamin C, and Vitamin B-complex |
Malnutrition | Lacking of one or more essential nutrients |
Undernutrition | not enough essential nutients to make ATP |
Ingest | to take in food |
Digest | Breakdown |
Carbohydrates Breakdown | to Monosaccharides |
Lipid Breakdown | to Fatty Acids |
Nucleic Acid Breakdown | to Nucleotides |
Protein Breakdown | to Amino Acids |
Mechanical Digestion | breaking food into smaller pieces Ex. chewing or churning |
Chemical Digestion | break down enzymatically-hydrolysis |
Absorb | pass from digestive system to rest of body |
Eliminate | get rid of excess |
Animal Digestion (Simplest to most Complex) | Intracellular digestion, Gastrovascular Cavity, Complete Digestive System |
Intracellular Digestion | each cell takes food in through phagocytosis then fuses with lysosomes, and spit out waste Ex.Sponges/Porifera |
Gastrovascular Cavity | a sac with a single opening that takes in, secretes enzymes and digest in cavity, distributed through body by diffusion and spit back out |
Complete Digestive System | mouth and anus/ elementary canal |
Types of Feeding | Suspension feeders, Substrate feeders, Fluid feeders, Bulk feeders |
Suspension Feeders | sifting small particles out of water |
Substrate Feeders | lives on food source, feeds right beneath |
Fluid Feeders | sucking liquid from a living organism |
Bulk Feeders | eat larger pieces of food |
Elementary Canal | one long tubular structure that goes from mouth to anus |
Elementary Canal System | Mouth-->Pharynx(throat)-->Esophagus-->Stomach-->Small Intestine-->Large Intestine-->Rectum-->Anus |
Accessory Structures | Dentition(teeth), Tongue, Salivary Glands, Pancreas, Liver/Gallbladder |
Salivary Glands | Parotid Gland-behind ear, Submandibular Gland-by jaw, Sublingual Gland-under tongue, all secrete saliva |
Pancreas | secretes pancreatic juice |
Liver/Gallbladder | secretes Bile |
Peristalsis | type of muscular movement that propels the food with rhythmic contracting |
Sphinctors | smooth muscles, muscular valves |
Sphinctor Locations | In esophagus above stomach, between stomach and small intestine, between small and large intestine |
Mouth (Oral Cavity) | teeth are indicative of diet |
Types of teeth | Incisors(for biting, in front), canines(for tearing, pointed, cuspids), premolar(for grinding, bicuspids), molars |
Mouth (Mechanical) | chewing |
Mouth (Chemical) | from saliva (H2O, mucus, enzymes-salivory anaylase), only little absorbtion, then swallow |
Act of swallowing | passage of food from mouth to pharynx |
Bolus | chunk of solid food going through pharynx |
Esophagus | connect pharynx to stomach, move food by peristalis |
Cardiac Sphinctor | located between esophagus and stomach |
Stomach | food stays in anywhere from 2-6 hours, below diaphragm, very elastic and stretchy |
Stomach (Mechanical) | not much but Gastric churning- squeezing and mashing food |
Stomach (Chemical) | have gastric glands, and secrete HCl acid, pH of stomach always acidic, can go down to 1 or 2 with high protein meal |
Gastric Glands | located inside walls of stomach, secrete gastric juice ( that contains H2O, mucus, and enzyme Pepsin |
Pepsin | digests protein, type of protease, and is a proteolytic enzyme |
Stomach (Absorbtion) | Absorbs any small molecules like H2O, vitamins, sugar, or alcohol |
Chyme | finished product in stomach- chunky, acidic soup |
Small Intestine | major compartment of digestion, long tubular structure, 18-21 feet in humans, divided into 3 parts |
Small Intestine Location | top is connected to stomach with loric sphinctor in between, Illeocecal sphinctor to large intestine also |
Small Intestine Parts | Duodenum-connected to stomach, Jeyunum and Ileum at bottom |
Small Intestine (Mechanical) | Very slight-squeezing and pushing |
Small Intestine (Chemical) | most occurs in duodenum |
First place to get enzymes from in Duodenum | Intestinal juice, duodenal lining, duodenal glands- contain H2O, mucus, and Carbohydrate enzymes- disaccharides and dipeptidases |
Second place to get enzymes from in Duodenum | Pancreatic juice from Pancreas-secreted into duodenum, alkaline secretion, H2O neutralizing acid |
Pancreas | contains Pancreatic amylase, (trypsin, chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase-protein splitting enzymes), and Pancreaticlipase |
Third Place/ Bile | not an enzyme, necessary to properly digests fat |
Emulsifier | gets fat to mix with water |
Jeyunum and Ileum | absorb the nutrients by moving slowly through/ Villi and Microvilli give more surface area to absorb |
Large Intestine | 5-6 feet but large in diameter |
Large Intestine parts | Cecum-->Colon-->Rectum-->Anal Canal-->Anus |
Appendix | pouch that sticks off cecum, known for coliform bacteria like E. Coli |
Large Intestine Description | highly mucusy and lots of bacteria, does 3 things- reabsorbs large amounts of water-80-90% |
Large Intestine Description Cont. | package the waste and mixes with mucus/bacteria ferments carbohydrates, bacteria make vitamins for you like B-12 or vitamin K |
Evolutionary Relationship with Digestive Tract | Vertebartes have a common plan, Diet has major influence, dentition is structurally different by diet, carnivores have large expandable stomach and long time between meals, length of digestive tract plays a part-Herbivores=longest, Carnivore=shortest |
Circulatory and Reproductive System | Both exchange O2(for cell respiration) and CO2(waste product) |
Unicellular organisms | exchange gases directly with their environment |
Multicellular organisms | the deeper cells don't make contact with their environment |
Cnidarians | simplest group of multicellular animals, have gastrovascular cavity (simple sac) that contacts environment inside and out |
Platyhelminthes | have branched gastrovascular cavity |
Diffusion | movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration |
Circulatory System Components | Circulatory Fluid(takes O2 to cells), Vessels(carries fluid to cells and back), Kind of pump(always cardiac muscle, heart) |
Open Circulatory System | Fluid is called hemolymph-functions as interstitual fluid and circulatory fluid, direct contact with organs, heart pumps hemolymph through vessel but doesn't stay in vessels |
Open Circulatory System End | usually use body movements to pull hemolymph back in, some larger organisms have accesory pump, ex. all arthropoda, clams, bivalves |
Closed Circulatory System | work best in mammals and vertebrates, fluid-blood-never leaves vessels, have arteries, veins, and capillaries |
Artery | all carry blood away from heart (not always oxygenated) |
Arterioles | arteries smaller in diameter |
Veins | carry blood to heart (not always unoxygenated) |
Venule | smaller vein |
Capillaries | very thin walled, location of all gas exchange |
Pump | Heart (can have more than 1) |
Closed Circulatory System Animals | Cephalopods and Annelidia |
Blood | contains hemoglobin(protein that contains Iron), Iron allows to bind oxygen |
Red Blood Cells (RBC or Erythrocyte) | most numerous cells in blood, main function to carry O2 |
White Blood Cells (Leucocytes) | fights infections |
Platelets (thrombocytes) | very small, involved in blood clotting |
Plasma | liquid part of blood (water mostly, is yellow, and carries nutrients) |
Heart | vertebrate always have chambers, at least 2, at most 4, atrium and ventricle, 3=2 atrium, 1 ventricle, 4=2 of each |
Single Circulation | 2 chambers, atrium top, ventricle on bottom, deoxygenated blood leaves heart and comes back |
Single Circulation Animals | all bony fish, and sharks, rays, and chimeras |
Single Circulation Pathway | Heart(atrium to ventricle-->Gills/Capillary Bed (oxygenated)-->Body cells/2nd capillary bed (deoxygenated)-->back to heart |
Double Circulation | 3 or 4 chambered heart, 4 most effective |
Double Circulation Animals | Amphibians, Reptiles, Mammals |
Double Circulation Pathway | deoxgenated blood to right atium-->right ventricle-->Respiratory Surface/Capillary Blood-->back to right of heart, etc. |
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