general anesthesia Word Scramble
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Question | Answer |
define general anesthesia | produces unconsciousness and without response to painful stimuli |
define analgesia | selectively reduces pain without loss of consciousness |
3 effects of general anesthesia | loss of pain/all sensations/ consciousness |
define local anesthesia | does not affect consciousness, only blunts sensation in a limited area |
2 major routes of general anesthesia | inhalation; IV |
what do inhalation anesthetics produce | unconsciousness, analgesia, muscle relaxation, and amnesia |
mechanisms of aciton of inhalation anesthetics | molecular lipid solubility; depression of transmission at inhibitory synapses |
MAc | minimum alveolar concentration |
what is an index of inhalation anesthetic potency | minimum alveolar concentration |
what represents the minimum concenration of drug in alveolar air that will produce immobility when exposed to painful stimulus | minimum alveolar concentration |
Low minimum alveolar concentration indicates... | high anesthetic potency |
effect of uptake with greater concentration of inhalation anesthetic in the air | more rapid uptake |
What organs are affected first by inhalation anesthetics | vital organs - heart, brain, kidney, liver |
What organs are affected second by inhalation anesthetics | skin and skeletal muscle |
inhalation anesthetics are poorly perfused through what tissues | fat, bone, ligaments, and cartilage |
How are inhalation anesthtics eliminated | almost exclusively by respiratory system; minimal if any liver metabolism |
duration of inhalation anesthetics depends on | rate of elimination |
adverse effects of inhalation anesthetics | respiratory/cardiac depression; sensitization of heart to catecholamines; malignant hyperthermia; aspiration; hepatotoxicity |
goal of balanced anesthesia - combinations | induction smooth and rapid; ensure that muscular relaxation is ideal; analgesia level idea |
3 common balanced anesthesia combination types | barbiturates; neuromuscular blocking; opioids and nitrous oxide |
role of barbiturates in combination anesthesia | effect during induction of the general anesthetic agent |
role of neuromuscular blocking in combination anesthesia | muscular relaxation |
role of opioids and nitrous oxide in combination anesthesia | analgesia |
overall advantage of combination anesthesia | use lower doses and safer |
value of pre-anesthetic drugs | amnesia; reduce anxiety; reduce pre and post op pain |
pre-anesthetic drugs are used to... | suppress salivation and bronchial secretions, cough |
what side effects do pre-anesthetic drugs minimize | bradycardia and vomiting |
4 examples of pre-anesthetic drugs | benzodiazepines; opioids; alpha-adrenergic agonists; anticholinergic drugs |
role of short acting benzodiazepines | reduce anxiety and promote anesthesia |
role of opioids in preanesthetic drugs | reduces pain; suppress cough; delays awakening; depresses CNS |
opioids given as preanesthetic drugs | morphine and fentanyl |
2 alpha-adrenergic agonists used as preanesthetic drugs | clonidine; dexmedetomidine (Precedex) |
role of clonidine in preanesthetic drugs | reduce hypertension; pain reduction; reduces anxiety; sedation |
role of dexmedetomidine (Precedex) in preanesthetic drugs | sedation and analgesia |
anticholinergic drug given as preanesthetic drug | atropine |
role of anticholinergic drug in preanesthetic drugs | reduces bronchial secretions; reduces risk of bradycardia; older agent; causes respiratory irritation |
what kind of drug is succinylocholine | neuromuscular blocking agent |
action of succinylcholine | prevents skeletal muscle, diaphragm; and other respiratory muscle contraction |
adverse effects of succinylcholine | produce state of total paralysis and patient can be fully awake |
3 postanesthetic drugs categories | analgesics; antiemetics; muscle agonists |
role of muscle agonists as postanesthetic drug | relieve abdominal distention and urinary retention |
2 types of inhalation anesthetics | volatile liquids; gases |
potency of volatile liquid | low minimal aveolar concentration = high potency |
analgesic effect of volatile liquids | weak and thus given with potent analgesics |
muscle relaxation effect of volatile liquids | weak |
adverse effects of Halothane (Fluothane) | hypotension, decreased CO, respiratory depression, dysrhythmias, malignant hyperthermia, hepatotoxicity; post op n/v |
elimination of volatile liquids | lungs |
halothane (Fluothane) | volatile liquid |
major difference between halothane (Fluothane) and isoflurane (Forane) | isoflurane does not cause myocardial depression |
isoflurane (Forane) | volatile liquid |
nitrous oxide | gas |
potency of nitrous oxide | low; high MAC |
serious side effects of nitrous oxide | none |
ether (Ethylene) | gas |
Why was ether (Ethylene) replaced by better drugs | explosive and no advantages over other medications |
IV anesthetics used with inhalation drugs to: | support decreased dose of the inhalant needed; get better anesthesia results |
drug category give before the inhalation gas/liquid | short acting barbiturates (Thiobarbiturates) |
Why are short acting barbiturates used before inhalation gas/liquid | acts rapidly; produces unconsciousness in 10-20 seconds; short acting = would awaken in 10 minutes if used alone |
short acting barbiturates are weak... | analgesia and muscle relaxant |
adverse effects of short acting barbiturates | cardiac and respiratory depression |
benzodiazepines promote | unconsciousness and amnesia |
diazepam | benzo |
lorazepam | benzo |
midasolam | benzo |
How long for diazepam (Valium) to produce unconsciousness | 1 minutes |
benzo used for conscious sedation | midazolam (Versed) |
how should midazolam (versed)be injected | slowly over 2 minutes to prevent CV and respiratory depression |
propofol (diprivan) | IV sedation/ hypnotic |
What type of procedures is propofol used for | non-invasive |
onset and duration of porpofol (diprivan) | 60 seconds and lasts for 3-5 minutes |
actions of ketamine (ketalar) | dissociative anesthesia; sedation; immobility; analgesia; amnesia |
onset of ketamine (ketalar) | rapid onset and lasts for 10-15 minutes |
adverse effects of ketamine (ketalar) | psychologic reactions |
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