PHAR 162 exam 1 Word Scramble
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Question | Answer |
Code of ethics | Detailed, explicit, operational blueprint of norms of professional conduct, a public recital of desirable and undesirable actions having an impact on the character of a profession and its functional ability. |
Early 19th Century pharmacy | No schools, no practice acts, no regulation on who can run one or regulation on distribution. Quackery! |
:Year the first local pharmaceutical association was established | 1821 |
Year the first school of pharmacy was established | 1848 Philadelphia College of Pharmacy |
Year the first national pharmacy association was establisehd | 1852 APhA in Philadelphia |
Year the first pharmacy code of ethics was established | 1852 |
Focus of 1852 Code of Ethics | Fair business dealings, discounting quackery, physician-pharmacist relationship |
Focus of 1922 Code of Ethics | Establish duties of pharmacist, created nondisclosure of prescription information |
Focus of 1952 Code of Ethics | Established statement of principles, attempt to self-regulate unprofessional misconduct. Too broadly written statement. |
Focus of 1969 Code of Ethics | Tightened wording of principles. Altered wording of confidentiality to disclose info where best interest of patient requires or law demands. Can't dispense low quality products. |
1994 Code of Ethics | From JCPP for all professional organizations to follow, took 2 years to develop. |
Focus of 1994 Code of Ethics | Avoid confines of detailed approach, uses general recommendations and general norms |
Contents of 1994 Code of Ethics | Preamble and 8 principles (9 components all together) |
1994 Code of Ethics Preamble | Pharmacists to assist (all) individuals in making best use of medications. Pharmacy based on moral obligation and virtues (unique among health professions) |
Principle 1 of Code of Ethics | Respect covenantal relationship between patient and pharmacist |
Principle II of Code of Ethics | Promote good of every patient in caring, compassionate, and confidential manner. (beneficence) |
Principle III of Code of Ethics | Respect autonomy and dignity of each patient. (Autonomy) |
Principle IV of Code of Ethics | Act with honesty and integrity in professional relationships. (Veracity/Honesty) |
Principle V of Code of Ethics | Maintain professional competence |
Principle VI of Code of Ethics | Respect values and abilities of colleagues and other health professionals |
Principle VII of Code of Ethics | Serve individual, community and societal needs |
Principle VIII of Code of Ethics | Seek justice in the distribution of health resources (Justice) |
Define value | Things considered good or beneficial-principles that motivate us in making decisions when we are aligned with our true selves (relative) |
Define belief | Assumptions we hold to be true (relative) |
Define moral | Person's standards of behavior or beliefs concerning what is and is not acceptable for them to do (culturally defined) |
Define right | Natural or bestowed (not relative!) |
Define character | Combination of qualities or features that distinguishes a person |
Define virtue/vice | ways in which we define character of a person |
Define principle | General characteristics of actions that make them morally right (independent of the character) |
Define duty | "That which is owing" - sense of moral commitment or obligation to someone or something, should result in action |
Define moral judgement | What is good or bad, having certain characteristics defined by consequentialism, deontological ethics, or other fundamental ethical school of thought |
Define nonmoral judgement | Based on personal preferences or beliefs |
Two Western thoughts regarding ethical principles in normative ethics | Consequentialism and deontological ethics |
Consequentialism | Looks at the consequences of the act: good acts are ones that produce good consequences, bad acts are ones that produce bad consequences |
Deontological Ethics | Duty-Based ethics. Rightness and wrongness are inherent in the act itself independent of the consequences |
Two principles of consequentialism | Nonmalifence and benefice |
Define nonmalificence | Actions are wrong insofar as they produce bad outcomes |
Define benefice | Actions are right insofar as they produce benefits |
Classic Utilitarianism | Form of consequentialism that determines which acts are right by figuring the net good of consequences minus bad consequences for each person affected and then addition to find the total net good. (indifferent to who obtains the benefits and harms) |
Hippocratic Ethics | Focuses on individual patient and sometimes gives special weight to avoiding harms |
6 ethical principles (duties) that make up deontological ethics | Justice, Veracity, Fidelity, Autonomy, Avoidance of Killing, Beneficence |
Justice | Upholding moral and legal principles with integrity-unequal distribution of goods is wrong. |
Autonomy | persons and their beliefs be respected even if doing so will not produce the most good |
Veracity | Always telling the truth (telling a lie is wrong in itself) |
Fidelity | Keeping promises and commitments |
Beneficence | Pharmacist should act so as to benefit the patient |
Rules-Situation Debate | Conflict between those who believe the rules themselves should be defining factor and those who consider the situation itself to be the most critical determination of moral rightness |
Rigorists | (Deontologist) Rules should never be violated. (immobilized when 2 rules conflict) |
"Rules-of-Practice" | Rules should just be applied rather than each case be evaluated from scratch. Open to exceptions to the rules. |
Situationalist | Consider every situation unique but willing to be guided by moral rules |
Antinomians | "Against rules" - immobilized when they treat a situation so brand new that no moral help gained from past experiences |
6-step ethical decision-making model | 1. Respond to "sense" 2. Gather info 3. Identify ethical problem 4. Determine who should be involved 5. Determine alternatives 6. Choose an alternative |
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