BIO205-CH4-Prok&Euka Word Scramble
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Question | Answer |
All living cells - what 2 catagories? | Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes |
Structural characteristics of prokaryotes. | DNA in single, circular arranged chromosome w/o membrane - lack membrane - enclosed organelles |
Structural characteristics of eukaryotes. | Multiple chromosomes in membrane-enclosed nucleus. |
Bacteria & Archaea are? | Prokaryotes |
Protozoa & fungi are? | Eukaryotes |
What main difference is there between prokaryote & eukaryote? | Structure of cell walls & membranes, & absence of organelles. |
5 distinguishing characteristics of prokaryotes. | (1) No DNA membrane, (2) DNA w/no histones, (3) lack membrane-enclosed organelles, (4) cell wall w/polysaccharide peptidoglycan, & (5) binary fission. |
Binary fission | DNA copied & cell splits into 2 - prokaryotes - fewer processes than eukaryote cell division. |
5 distinguishing characteristics of eukaryotes. | (1) DNA in nucleus w/membrane & multiple chromosomes, (2) DNA associated w/histone, (3) membrane-enclosed organelles, (4) cell walls chemically simple, (5) mitosis. |
3 basic shapes of bacteria | Coccus (berries), bacillus (rod-shaped), & spiral |
Diplococci | Cocci that remain in pairs after dividing. |
Streptococci | Cocci that divide & are attached in chainlike pattern. |
Tetrads | Cocci that divide in 2 planes & remain in groups of 4. |
Sarcinae | Cocci in 3 planes & remain in cubelike groups of 8. |
Staphylococci | Cocci in multiple plains & form grapelike clusters. |
Why are there fewer groupings of bacilli than cocci? | Because bacilli only divide across short axis |
Diplobacilli | Appear in pairs after division |
Streptobacilli | Appear in chains after division |
Coccobacilli | Oval bacilli that look like cocci. |
Bacillus cells often form __. | long, twisted chains of cells. |
What is the difference between bacillus & Bacillus? | One is bacterial shape & one is genus. |
Vibrios | Spiral bacteria that look like curved rod. |
Spirilla | Spiral bacteria that have helical shape |
Spirochetes | Spiral bacteria that have helical shape & are flexible - move by axial filaments. |
Monomorphic | Maintain a single shape |
What prokaryotes are monomorphic? | Bacteria |
Structures external in prokayotic cell wall. | Glycocalyx, flagella, axial filaments, finbriae & pili. |
Glycocalyx | "Sugar coat" - secreted on surface of prokaryotes - viscous - if firm, then called capsule. |
Capsule | Firmly attached sugar coat around prokaryote that can be determined by using negative staining. |
Slime layer | Loosely attached glycocalyx (sugar coat) around prokaryote. |
Capsules are important in contributing to bacterial __. | virulence - degree of disease causing ability. |
Capsules often protect pathogenic bacteria __. | From phagocytosis by cells of host. |
Extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) | Glycocalyx made of sugars - enables bacteria to survive by attaching to various surfaces. |
Atrichous | Bacteria that lack flagella |
Monotrichous | Single polar flagellum |
3 basic parts of flagellum | Filament, hook, basal body |
Protein that makes up flagellum filament. | flagellin |
Difference between prokaryote & eukaryote flagella. | Most bacteria lack membrane/sheath covering it. |
What anchors flagellum to cell wall & plasma membrane? | Movement away from/toward a particular stimulus. |
How do spirochetes & spirilla differ? | Spirochetes move using axial filaments/endoflagella. |
Endoflagella | Axial filaments - bundles of fibrils that arise at ends of cell beneath outer sheath & spiral around cell. |
Axial filaments propel spirochetes __. | in a spiral motion like a cork screw. |
fimbriae | Appendage on bacterial cell used to adhere to surfaces - helps colonization. |
pili | Longer than fimbrae & join bacterial cells for transfer of DNA. |
conjugation | Process by which bacteria use pili to transfer DNA from one cell to another. |
What is the function of fimbriae? | to adhere to surfaces |
Almost all prokaryotes have __. | cell walls |
Major function of cell wall. | Prevent rupture when water pressure in cell is greater than outside. |
What is used to differentiate major types of bacteria? | The chemical composition of the cell wall. |
Gram-positive cell walls contain? | Many layers of peptidoglycan. |
Gram-negative cell walls do not contain __. | teichoic acids |
Which is more susceptible to mechanical breakage? Gram - or +? | Gram negative because they only contain a small amount of peptidoglycan. |
The outer membrane of gram-negative provides barrier against? | Certain antibiotics & digestive enzymes. |
Smallest known bacteria outside living host. | Mycoplasmas - pass through most filters. |
Archaea may lack cell walls but definately lack __. | Peptidoglycan - have pseudomurein instead. |
Acid-fast bacteria cell walls contain what lipid? | Mycolic acid - resists dyes because it is waxy. |
Why are prokaryote plasma membranes less rigid than eukaryotes? | Because they lack sterols. |
Chromatophores | Infolding of plasma membrane where pigment located in photoautotrophic bacteria. |
How does simple diffusion differ from facilitated? | Both don't need ATP, but facilitated uses transporter. |
What is osmosis? | Net movement of solvent molecules across selectively permeable membrane from high to low concentration of solvents. |
In isotonic solution, movement is? | No net movement of water |
In hypotonic solution, movment is? | Water moves into cell & may cause cell to burst. |
In hypertonic solution, movment is? | Water moves out of cell, causing shrinkage. |
Osmotic lysis | Water moving into a cell & it bursts. |
Plasmolysis | Water moving out of cell & it shrinks. |
Osmotic pressure | Pressure required to prevent movement of pure water into solution containing some solvents. |
Most bacteria live in __ solutions. | hypotonic |
Group translocation | Only in prokaryotes - substance is chemically altered as it passes through plasma membrane & can no longer leave - high energy PEP. |
Difference between prokaryote & eukaryote ribosomes regarding antibotic therapy. | The differences allow the cell to be killed by the antibiotic, yet leave eukaryote host unaffected. |
Inclusions | Reserve deposits in prokaryote cytoplasm of nutrients - good ID tag. |
Volutin | Reserve of inorganic phosphate for ATP. |
Nucleoid | Nuclear area of bacterial cell containing bacterial chromosome. |
Plasmids | Circular DNA molecules that replicate independent of chromosomal DNA - genetically not crucial to bacterial survival except during adverse conditions. |
Endospores | Highly durable dehydrated cells - almost seed-like |
Under what conditions are endospores formed by bacteria? | When essential nutrients are depletes in certain gram-positive bacteria. |
Sporogenesis/sporulation | Process of endospore formation |
Germination | When endospore returns to health later - water enters. |
What kingdoms contain eukaryote organisms. | Alge, protozoa, fungi, plants, & animals. |
What is antibiotic significance of eukaryote cells not containing peptidoglycan? | Penicillins & cephalosporins act against peptidoglycan & therefore don't affect eukaryote cells. |
How do plasma membranes differ between eukaryote and prokaryote. | Prokaryote lack sterols and carbs. |
cytosol | refers to fluid portion of cytoplasm |
cytoplasmic streaming | Movement of cytoplasm in cell that helps distribute nutrients & move a cell over a surface. |
Many enzymes found in cytoplasmic fluid of prokaryote are sequestered in __ of eukaryote. | Organelles |
Nuclear pores control __. | Movement of substances between nucleus & cytoplasm. |
Nucleoli/nucleolus | Condensed regions of chromosomes where rRNA is being synthesized. |
Cisterns | Flattened membrane sacs of ER. |
ER contains __ & synthesizes __. | unique enzymes - phospholipids, fats & sterols. |
What are the functions of golgi complex? | Package substances in vesicles for transport. |
Cristae | Outer mitochondrial membrane |
__ are organelles that can reproduce more or less on their own. | mitochondria |
Many of the metabolic steps involved in cellular respiration are concentrated in __. | matrix of mitochondria |
Chloroplast | Organelle in algae & green plants that contain chlorophyll & enzymes |
Chlorophyll is contained in what sacs? | thylakoids |
__ in plants can reproduce on own like mitochondria. | chloroplasts |
How are mitochondria similar to prokaryote cells? | How they reproduce - increase in size - then divide in two. |
peroxisomes | Contain enzymes that can oxidize various organic substances - aminoacids & fatty acids. |
Peroxisomes protect other cell parts from __. | H2O2 - hydrogen peroxide |
Centrosome | Centrioles & pericentricular material - miotic spindle organizing center. |
Endosymbiotic theory | Larger bacterial cell lost their cell walls & engulfed smaller bacterial cells & so eukaryotes formed. |
Similar to bacterial cells, both mitochondria & chloroplasts contain __. | circular DNA & can reproduce on own. |
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