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BIO205-CH4-Prok&Euka
BIO205 - Ch 4 - Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells - RioSalado - AZ
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| All living cells - what 2 catagories? | Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes |
| Structural characteristics of prokaryotes. | DNA in single, circular arranged chromosome w/o membrane - lack membrane - enclosed organelles |
| Structural characteristics of eukaryotes. | Multiple chromosomes in membrane-enclosed nucleus. |
| Bacteria & Archaea are? | Prokaryotes |
| Protozoa & fungi are? | Eukaryotes |
| What main difference is there between prokaryote & eukaryote? | Structure of cell walls & membranes, & absence of organelles. |
| 5 distinguishing characteristics of prokaryotes. | (1) No DNA membrane, (2) DNA w/no histones, (3) lack membrane-enclosed organelles, (4) cell wall w/polysaccharide peptidoglycan, & (5) binary fission. |
| Binary fission | DNA copied & cell splits into 2 - prokaryotes - fewer processes than eukaryote cell division. |
| 5 distinguishing characteristics of eukaryotes. | (1) DNA in nucleus w/membrane & multiple chromosomes, (2) DNA associated w/histone, (3) membrane-enclosed organelles, (4) cell walls chemically simple, (5) mitosis. |
| 3 basic shapes of bacteria | Coccus (berries), bacillus (rod-shaped), & spiral |
| Diplococci | Cocci that remain in pairs after dividing. |
| Streptococci | Cocci that divide & are attached in chainlike pattern. |
| Tetrads | Cocci that divide in 2 planes & remain in groups of 4. |
| Sarcinae | Cocci in 3 planes & remain in cubelike groups of 8. |
| Staphylococci | Cocci in multiple plains & form grapelike clusters. |
| Why are there fewer groupings of bacilli than cocci? | Because bacilli only divide across short axis |
| Diplobacilli | Appear in pairs after division |
| Streptobacilli | Appear in chains after division |
| Coccobacilli | Oval bacilli that look like cocci. |
| Bacillus cells often form __. | long, twisted chains of cells. |
| What is the difference between bacillus & Bacillus? | One is bacterial shape & one is genus. |
| Vibrios | Spiral bacteria that look like curved rod. |
| Spirilla | Spiral bacteria that have helical shape |
| Spirochetes | Spiral bacteria that have helical shape & are flexible - move by axial filaments. |
| Monomorphic | Maintain a single shape |
| What prokaryotes are monomorphic? | Bacteria |
| Structures external in prokayotic cell wall. | Glycocalyx, flagella, axial filaments, finbriae & pili. |
| Glycocalyx | "Sugar coat" - secreted on surface of prokaryotes - viscous - if firm, then called capsule. |
| Capsule | Firmly attached sugar coat around prokaryote that can be determined by using negative staining. |
| Slime layer | Loosely attached glycocalyx (sugar coat) around prokaryote. |
| Capsules are important in contributing to bacterial __. | virulence - degree of disease causing ability. |
| Capsules often protect pathogenic bacteria __. | From phagocytosis by cells of host. |
| Extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) | Glycocalyx made of sugars - enables bacteria to survive by attaching to various surfaces. |
| Atrichous | Bacteria that lack flagella |
| Monotrichous | Single polar flagellum |
| 3 basic parts of flagellum | Filament, hook, basal body |
| Protein that makes up flagellum filament. | flagellin |
| Difference between prokaryote & eukaryote flagella. | Most bacteria lack membrane/sheath covering it. |
| What anchors flagellum to cell wall & plasma membrane? | Movement away from/toward a particular stimulus. |
| How do spirochetes & spirilla differ? | Spirochetes move using axial filaments/endoflagella. |
| Endoflagella | Axial filaments - bundles of fibrils that arise at ends of cell beneath outer sheath & spiral around cell. |
| Axial filaments propel spirochetes __. | in a spiral motion like a cork screw. |
| fimbriae | Appendage on bacterial cell used to adhere to surfaces - helps colonization. |
| pili | Longer than fimbrae & join bacterial cells for transfer of DNA. |
| conjugation | Process by which bacteria use pili to transfer DNA from one cell to another. |
| What is the function of fimbriae? | to adhere to surfaces |
| Almost all prokaryotes have __. | cell walls |
| Major function of cell wall. | Prevent rupture when water pressure in cell is greater than outside. |
| What is used to differentiate major types of bacteria? | The chemical composition of the cell wall. |
| Gram-positive cell walls contain? | Many layers of peptidoglycan. |
| Gram-negative cell walls do not contain __. | teichoic acids |
| Which is more susceptible to mechanical breakage? Gram - or +? | Gram negative because they only contain a small amount of peptidoglycan. |
| The outer membrane of gram-negative provides barrier against? | Certain antibiotics & digestive enzymes. |
| Smallest known bacteria outside living host. | Mycoplasmas - pass through most filters. |
| Archaea may lack cell walls but definately lack __. | Peptidoglycan - have pseudomurein instead. |
| Acid-fast bacteria cell walls contain what lipid? | Mycolic acid - resists dyes because it is waxy. |
| Why are prokaryote plasma membranes less rigid than eukaryotes? | Because they lack sterols. |
| Chromatophores | Infolding of plasma membrane where pigment located in photoautotrophic bacteria. |
| How does simple diffusion differ from facilitated? | Both don't need ATP, but facilitated uses transporter. |
| What is osmosis? | Net movement of solvent molecules across selectively permeable membrane from high to low concentration of solvents. |
| In isotonic solution, movement is? | No net movement of water |
| In hypotonic solution, movment is? | Water moves into cell & may cause cell to burst. |
| In hypertonic solution, movment is? | Water moves out of cell, causing shrinkage. |
| Osmotic lysis | Water moving into a cell & it bursts. |
| Plasmolysis | Water moving out of cell & it shrinks. |
| Osmotic pressure | Pressure required to prevent movement of pure water into solution containing some solvents. |
| Most bacteria live in __ solutions. | hypotonic |
| Group translocation | Only in prokaryotes - substance is chemically altered as it passes through plasma membrane & can no longer leave - high energy PEP. |
| Difference between prokaryote & eukaryote ribosomes regarding antibotic therapy. | The differences allow the cell to be killed by the antibiotic, yet leave eukaryote host unaffected. |
| Inclusions | Reserve deposits in prokaryote cytoplasm of nutrients - good ID tag. |
| Volutin | Reserve of inorganic phosphate for ATP. |
| Nucleoid | Nuclear area of bacterial cell containing bacterial chromosome. |
| Plasmids | Circular DNA molecules that replicate independent of chromosomal DNA - genetically not crucial to bacterial survival except during adverse conditions. |
| Endospores | Highly durable dehydrated cells - almost seed-like |
| Under what conditions are endospores formed by bacteria? | When essential nutrients are depletes in certain gram-positive bacteria. |
| Sporogenesis/sporulation | Process of endospore formation |
| Germination | When endospore returns to health later - water enters. |
| What kingdoms contain eukaryote organisms. | Alge, protozoa, fungi, plants, & animals. |
| What is antibiotic significance of eukaryote cells not containing peptidoglycan? | Penicillins & cephalosporins act against peptidoglycan & therefore don't affect eukaryote cells. |
| How do plasma membranes differ between eukaryote and prokaryote. | Prokaryote lack sterols and carbs. |
| cytosol | refers to fluid portion of cytoplasm |
| cytoplasmic streaming | Movement of cytoplasm in cell that helps distribute nutrients & move a cell over a surface. |
| Many enzymes found in cytoplasmic fluid of prokaryote are sequestered in __ of eukaryote. | Organelles |
| Nuclear pores control __. | Movement of substances between nucleus & cytoplasm. |
| Nucleoli/nucleolus | Condensed regions of chromosomes where rRNA is being synthesized. |
| Cisterns | Flattened membrane sacs of ER. |
| ER contains __ & synthesizes __. | unique enzymes - phospholipids, fats & sterols. |
| What are the functions of golgi complex? | Package substances in vesicles for transport. |
| Cristae | Outer mitochondrial membrane |
| __ are organelles that can reproduce more or less on their own. | mitochondria |
| Many of the metabolic steps involved in cellular respiration are concentrated in __. | matrix of mitochondria |
| Chloroplast | Organelle in algae & green plants that contain chlorophyll & enzymes |
| Chlorophyll is contained in what sacs? | thylakoids |
| __ in plants can reproduce on own like mitochondria. | chloroplasts |
| How are mitochondria similar to prokaryote cells? | How they reproduce - increase in size - then divide in two. |
| peroxisomes | Contain enzymes that can oxidize various organic substances - aminoacids & fatty acids. |
| Peroxisomes protect other cell parts from __. | H2O2 - hydrogen peroxide |
| Centrosome | Centrioles & pericentricular material - miotic spindle organizing center. |
| Endosymbiotic theory | Larger bacterial cell lost their cell walls & engulfed smaller bacterial cells & so eukaryotes formed. |
| Similar to bacterial cells, both mitochondria & chloroplasts contain __. | circular DNA & can reproduce on own. |
Created by:
Ladystorm
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