BIO 204 Microbiology
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| specialized Disciplines in Microbiology | geomicrobiologists, marine microbiologists, Medical microbiologists, nurse epidemologists, astrobiologists
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| genetic engineering | manipulating the genes of organisms to make new products
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| bioremediation | using living organisms to remedy sn environmental problem
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| biotechnology | production of foods, drugs, and vaccines using living organisms
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| antonie van leeuwenhoek | first to observe living microbes
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| Discovery of spores and sterilization | john tyndall and ferdinad Cohn
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| Discovery of Aseptic techniques | human body is source of infection.
-Dr.oliver Wendall
-dr.Ignaz semmelweis
-joseph lister
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| traditional whittaker system of classification | 5 kingdoms
2 cell types
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| woese-fox system | propose three distinct cell lines
-domain bacteria
-domain archaea
-domain eukarya
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| The six I's | incubation, inoculation, isolation, inspection, information gathering, and identification
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| Specimen collection | sample object of interest
anything(body fluids, foods, water, soil, plants, and animals etc.)
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| Inoculation | introduction of a sample into a container of media to produce a culture of observable growth
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| Isolation | -seperating one species from another
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| incubation | under conditions that allow growth
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| Inspection | If a single species is growing in the container, you have a pure culture but if there are multiple species than you have a mixed culture
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| Ways to Identify a Microbe: | -Cell and colony morphology or staining characteristics
-DNA sequence
-Biochemical tests to determine an organism’s chemical and metabolic characteristics
-Immunological tests
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| Chemical composition | synthetic and complex
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| functional type | general purpose, enriched, selctive, differential, anarobic, transport, assay enumeration
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| Physical States of Media | Liquid – broth; does not solidify
Semisolid – contains solidifying agent
Solid – firm surface for colony formation
-Contains solidifying agent
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| Transmission electron microscopes | transmit electrons through the specimen. Darker areas represent thicker, denser parts and lighter areas indicate more transparent, less dense parts.
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| Scanning electron microscopes | provide detailed three-dimensional view. SEM bombards surface of a whole, metal-coated specimen with electrons while scanning back and forth over it.
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| Differential stains | use a primary stain and a counterstain to distinguish cell types or parts (examples: Gram stain, acid-fast stain, and endospore stain)
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| Simple stains | one dye is used; reveals shape, size, and arrangement
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| Acidic dyes | anionic, negatively charged chromophore
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| Nutrient broth | liquid medium containing beef extract and peptone
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| Synthetic | – contains pure organic and inorganic compounds in an exact chemical formula
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| Enriched media | – contains complex organic
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| Complex or nonsynthetic | – contains at least one ingredient that is not chemically definable
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| General purpose media – | grows a broad range of microbes, usually nonsynthetic
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| Selective media | contains one or more agents that inhibit growth of some microbes and encourage growth of the desired microbes
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| Differential media | allows growth of several types of microbes and
displays vixible differences among those microbes
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| reducing medium | contains a substance that absorbs oxygen or slows penetration of oxygen into the medium
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| Characteristics of Cells and Life | Basic shape – spherical, cubical, cylindrical
Internal content – cytoplasm, surrounded by a membrane
DNA chromosome(s), ribosomes, metabolic capabilities
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| Reproduction and heredity | genome composed of DNA packed in chromosomes; produce offspring sexually or asexually
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| Glycocalyx | surface coating
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| Flagella | Filament – long, thin, helical structure composed of protein flagellin
Hook – curved sheath
Basal body – stack of rings firmly anchored in cell wall
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| Monotrichous | single flagellum at one end
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| Lophotrichous | small bunches emerging from the same site
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| Amphitrichous | flagella at both ends of cell
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| Peritrichous | flagella dispersed over surface of cell
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| Fimbriae | Fine, proteinaceous, hairlike bristles emerging from the cell surface
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