Essential terms for STAAR-EOC Biology
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| chromosomes | tightly-wound DNA strands
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| trait | Specific genetically determined characteristic for an individual
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| transcription | the process of copying genetic information from DNA to mRNA;
(DNA codes for RNA) in the nucleus
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| translation | the process for which RNA codes for Polypeptides (proteins) in the cytoplasm at a ribosome
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| codon | series of 3 nitrogen bases on mRNA or DNA that code for a specific amino acid . Example: UAA
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| anticodon | series of 3 nitrogen bases on tRNA that match up to a specific amino acid
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| messenger RNA (mRNA) | carries the genetic message from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome
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| transfer RNA (tRNA) | carries amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis (from floating in the cytoplasm to the ribosome)
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| gametes | sex cells; egg or sperm
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| crossing over | when homologous chromosomes that are bundled together so closely they exchange segments. This creates genetic diversity in organisms
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| genetics | the study of heredity
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| gene | segment of DNA that controls an organism’s traits
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| hybrid | offspring of parents with DIFFERENT traits; heterozygous. Example: Tt
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| alleles | the different possible forms of a gene
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| genotype | the genetic makeup of an organism; which alleles they possess. Example: BB, Bb, or bb
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| phenotype | appearance, or physical characteristics; what you can see; physical trait. Example: BLUE Eyes, BROWN hair. Expressed in words.
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| heterozygous | having different alleles for a trait; hybrid. Example: Rr
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| homozygous | having the same alleles, purebreed. Example: RR or rr
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| dihybrid cross | a sixteen-box Punnett square that looks at two sets of alleles;
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| codominance | 2 alleles are fully expressed. Example: A Cat with White spots and black spots.
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| incomplete dominance | 2 alleles that share expression; neither is completely dominant. Example: A black cat and a white cat have a grey kitten.
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| sex-linked inheritance | determined by a gene located on the sex chromosome(the X or Y chromosome)
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| karyotype | organized picture of the chromosomes of an individual; used to determine chromosomal annomalies and gender
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| autosomal chromosomes | all chromosomes except the sex chromosomes
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| trisomy | chromosomes do not seperate equally resulting in an extra homologous chromosome; (3 of chromosome #23)
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| monosomy | chromosomes do not seperate equally resulting in a missing homologous chromosome; (only 1 chromosome #23)
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| non-disjunction | chromosomes are not properly sorted during meiosis leading to incorrect numbers of chromosomes in each gamete
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