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Reporting Category 2
Essential terms for STAAR-EOC Biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| chromosomes | tightly-wound DNA strands |
| trait | Specific genetically determined characteristic for an individual |
| transcription | the process of copying genetic information from DNA to mRNA; (DNA codes for RNA) in the nucleus |
| translation | the process for which RNA codes for Polypeptides (proteins) in the cytoplasm at a ribosome |
| codon | series of 3 nitrogen bases on mRNA or DNA that code for a specific amino acid . Example: UAA |
| anticodon | series of 3 nitrogen bases on tRNA that match up to a specific amino acid |
| messenger RNA (mRNA) | carries the genetic message from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome |
| transfer RNA (tRNA) | carries amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis (from floating in the cytoplasm to the ribosome) |
| gametes | sex cells; egg or sperm |
| crossing over | when homologous chromosomes that are bundled together so closely they exchange segments. This creates genetic diversity in organisms |
| genetics | the study of heredity |
| gene | segment of DNA that controls an organism’s traits |
| hybrid | offspring of parents with DIFFERENT traits; heterozygous. Example: Tt |
| alleles | the different possible forms of a gene |
| genotype | the genetic makeup of an organism; which alleles they possess. Example: BB, Bb, or bb |
| phenotype | appearance, or physical characteristics; what you can see; physical trait. Example: BLUE Eyes, BROWN hair. Expressed in words. |
| heterozygous | having different alleles for a trait; hybrid. Example: Rr |
| homozygous | having the same alleles, purebreed. Example: RR or rr |
| dihybrid cross | a sixteen-box Punnett square that looks at two sets of alleles; |
| codominance | 2 alleles are fully expressed. Example: A Cat with White spots and black spots. |
| incomplete dominance | 2 alleles that share expression; neither is completely dominant. Example: A black cat and a white cat have a grey kitten. |
| sex-linked inheritance | determined by a gene located on the sex chromosome(the X or Y chromosome) |
| karyotype | organized picture of the chromosomes of an individual; used to determine chromosomal annomalies and gender |
| autosomal chromosomes | all chromosomes except the sex chromosomes |
| trisomy | chromosomes do not seperate equally resulting in an extra homologous chromosome; (3 of chromosome #23) |
| monosomy | chromosomes do not seperate equally resulting in a missing homologous chromosome; (only 1 chromosome #23) |
| non-disjunction | chromosomes are not properly sorted during meiosis leading to incorrect numbers of chromosomes in each gamete |
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