Ms. Hill's dosage calc ch 1
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| Absorption | movement of a drug from the outside of the body into the bloodstream
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| Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR)- | Same as adverse effect
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| Adverse Effect | a drug effect that is more severe than expected and has the potential to damage tissue or cause serious health problems. It may also be called a toxic effect or toxicity and usually requires intervention by the prescriber
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| Agonist | An extrinsic drug that activates the receptor site of a cell and mimics the actions of naturally occuring drugs (intrinsic)
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| Allergic response- | Type of adverse effect in which the presence of the drug stimulates the release of histamine and other body cheimcals that cause inflammatory reactions. The response may be as mild as a reash or as severe and life threatening as anaphylaxis
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| Antagonist | An extrinsic drug that blocks the receptor site of a cell, preventing the naturally occuring substance from binding to the receptor
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| bioavailability | the percentage of a drug dose that actually reaches the blood
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| black box warning- | A notice that a drug may produce serious or even life-threatening effects in some people in addition to its beneficial effects
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| brand name | A manugacturer-owned name of a generic drug; also called "trade name" or "proprietary name" First letter capitalized and followed by ® or TM, Assigned by drug manufacturer
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| cytotoxic | drug action that is intended to kill a cell or organism
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| distribution | The extent that a drug absorbed into the bloodstream spreds into the three body water compartments
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| Drug | any small molecule that changes any body function by working at the chemical and cell levels.
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| drug therapy | the planned use of a drug to prevent or improve a health promotion
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| duration of action | the length of time a drug is present in the blood at or above the level needed to produce an effect or response.
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| elimination | the inactivation or removal of drugs from the body accomplished by certain body systems
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| enteral route | movement of drugs from the outside of the body to the inside using the gastrointestinal tract
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| extrinsic drugs | drugs that are man-made (synthetic) or derived from another species; not made by the human body
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| first-pass loss | rapid inactivation or elimination of oral drugs as a result of liver metabolism
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| generic name | national and international public drug name created by the United States Adopted Names (USAN) Council to indicate the usual use or chemical composition of a drug
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| half-life | time span needed for one half of a drug dose to be eliminated
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| herbals | natural products made from plants that cause a response in the body similar to that of a drug; also called botanicals
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| high-alert drug | a drug that has an increased risk of causing patient harm if it is used in error
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| intended action | desired effect (main effect) of a drug on specific body cells or tissues same as therapeutic response
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| intrinsic drugs | hormones, enzymes, growth factors, and other chemicals made by the body that change the activity of cells.
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| loading dose | the first dose of a drug that is larger than all subsequent doses of the same drug; used when it takes more drug to reach steady state than it does to maintain it
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| Mechanism of action | Exactly how, at the cellular level, a drug changes the activity of a cell
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| Medication | any small molecule that changes any body function by working at the chemical and cell levels
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| metabolism | Chemical reaction in the body that changes the chemical shape and content of a drug, preparing the drug for inactivation and elimination.
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| minimum effective concentration (MEC) | the smallest amount of drug necessary in the blood or target tissue to result in a measurable intended action
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| over-the-counter | drugs that are approved for purchase without a prescription
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| parenteral route | movement of a drug from the outside of the body to the inside of the body by injection (intra-aterial, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intracavity intraosseous, intrathecal.)
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| peak | maximum blood drug level
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| percutaneous route | movement of a drug from the outside of the body to the inside through the skin or mucous membrane
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| personal responses | unexpected adverse effects that are unique to the patient and not related to the mechanism of action of the drug They are also called idiosyncratic responses
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| pharmacodynamics | ways in which drugs work to change body function
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| pharmacokinetics | how the body changes the drugs; drug metabolism
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| pharmacology | the science and study of drugs and their actions on living animals
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| physiologic effect | the change in body function as an outcome of the mechanism of action of a drug
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| potency | the strength of the intended action produced at a given drug dose
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| prescription | an order written or dictated by a state-approved prescriber for a specific drug therapy for a specific patient
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| prescription drugs | the legal status of any drug that is considered unsage for self-medicated or has a potential for addiction and is only available by prescription written by a state-approved health care professional
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| receptors | physical place on or in a cell where a drug can bind and interact
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| sequestration | the "trapping" of drugs within certain body tissues, delaying their elimination and extending their duration of action
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| side effects | Any minor effect of a drug on body cells or tissues that is not the intended action of a drug
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| steady state | Point at which drug elimination is balanced with drug entry, resulting in a constant effective blood level of the drug
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| target tissue | The actual cells or tissues affected by the mechanism of action or intended actions of a specific drug
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| transdermal | type of percutaneous drug delivery in which the drug is applied to the skin, passes through the skin, and enters the bloodstream
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| trough | the lowest or minimal blood drug level
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| vaporized | changing of a drug from a liquid to a gas that can be absorbed into the body by inhalation
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| Drugs can interact with: | Other extrinsic drugs, Other intrinsic drugs, Food, Vitamins, Herbal compounds, Lots of possible interactions
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| Can drug and medication mean the same thing? | Drug and medication can mean the same thing and can be misused or abused
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| What do all drugs do? | All drugs affect some tissue or organ
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| Drug Categories | Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, Prescription drugs, Herbals (also called botanicals)
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| Herbals (also called botanicals) are also known as? | Also known as herbal therapy, homeopathic therapy, natural therapy, or alternative therapy
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| United States Pharmacopeia (USP) | Develops manufacturing standards; Purity, strength, packaging, and labeling
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| Food and Drug Administration (FDA) | Enforces standards set by USP
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| Pharmacokinetics (routes) | Percutaneous route – skin or mucous membranes, Enteral route – GI tract,Parenteral route – injected into the body, Absorption – movement of drug from outside of the body to the bloodstream
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| Distribution (compartments) | Blood, Interstitial space,Intracellular space
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| Metabolism occurs in..... | liver and kidneys
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| Elimination occurs in...... | GI tract, kidneys, lungs
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| Hepatotoxicity | liver toxic
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| Nephrotoxicity | kidney toxic
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| Life Span Considerations: Children | Body size(Children are smaller than adults), Prescribed in mg/kg, Or body surface area (BSA), Paradoxical effect, Drugs can impact development
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