Lecture 1--Bone biology & the skeletal System
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| Slide 1--Introduction to the Skeleton (PT 1) | The human skeleton consists of two main division
1) Axial (74 bones)
2) Appendicular (126 bones)
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| Slide 1--Introduction to the Skeleton (PT2) | There is a total of 206 bones in the adult body. There are 6 tiny bones in the inner ear
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| Slide 1--Introduction to the Skeleton (PT3) | Human infants are born with about 350 bones
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| What does the human skeleton consists of two main divisions? What are the two main divisions? | The human skeleton consists of two main division
1) Axial (74 bones)
2) Appendicular (126 bones)
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| How many total bones are in the adult human body? | There is a total of 206 bones in the adult body. There are 6 tiny bones in the inner ear
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| About how many are infants born with? | infants are born with 350 at birth.
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| Slide 2--Functions (pt 1) | *Provide shape and support
*Muscle:
1) muscle and tendons attach to the bone's surface
2) ligaments connect bones together across a joint
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| Slide 2--Functions (pt 2) | *Protection of vital organs
*site of red blood cells synthesis (hematopoiesis)
*Serves as a store site for minerals, expecially calicum and phosphorus
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| Slide 3--Skull | *Protects the brain
*Contains air-filled spaces or sinuses that is lined with mucosa
*Comprised of eight bones fused together by sutures
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| The skull protects the? | The skull protects the brain
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| The skull contains what? | The skull contains air-filled spaces or sinuses that is lined with mucosa
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| What is Comprised of eight bones fused together by sutures? | The skull
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| What contains air-filled spaces or sinuses that is lined with mucosa | The skull
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| Slide 4--Types of bones | *Long bones: femur, thigh
*Short bones: cube or box-shaped;carpal and ankle bones are examples
*flat bones:generally broad & thin; ribs scapulae,sternum
*irregular bones: uniquely shaped bones; one of a kind. Some examples include vertebral & facial bo
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| A femur and a thigh is an example of what kind of bone? | Long bone
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| cube or box-shaped;carpal and ankle bones are examples of? |
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| What type of bone is generally broad & thin; ribs scapulae,sternum | Flat bones
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| What kind of bone is uniquely shaped bones; one of a kind. Some examples include vertebral & facial bones | irregular bone
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| Slide 6--Infant skull | *Infant brain is rich in activity and consumes about 60% of the energy used by the body
*the infant skull is born with fontanels or "soft spots" that have not fused
*Fusion occurs when brain development is completed
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| An infant skull is born with fontanels what is another word for fontanels? | the infant skull is born with fontanels or "soft spots" that have not fused
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| When does fusion occurs in an infant brain? | Fusion occurs when brain development is completed
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| Slide 8--Anatomy7 of long bones (Pt 1) | *Long bones include the humorus, femur,uina,tibias,etc
*site of red cell synthesis
*Diaphysis: shaft-like portion
*Epiphysis: Both ends of a long bone; provides attachment for muscle and joints
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| Slide 8--Anatomy7 of long bones (Pt 2) | *Articular Cartilage:Covers the articular & joint surface of the epiphysis
*Periosteum: a dense membrane that covers the bone, containingosteogenic cells
*Each longe bone contain a growth plate (epiphyseal plate) on each end
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| What does the long bone include? | Long bones include the humorus, femur,uina,tibias,etc
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| True or False--Are long bones a site of red cell synthesis? | True long bones a site of red cell synthesis
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| Define Diaphysis | Diaphysis: shaft-like portion
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| Define Epiphysis | Epiphysis: Both ends of a long bone; provides attachment for muscle and joints
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| Define Articular Cartilage | Covers the articular & joint surface of the epiphysis
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| Define Periosteum | a dense membrane that covers the bone, containingosteogenic cells
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| Each long bone contains what on each end? | *Each longe bone contain a growth plate (epiphyseal plate) on each end
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| Slide 10--Compact Bone (Pt 1) | * Constitutes 80% total bone mass
*Comprised of cylinder-shaped osteons that are cemented together
*Four types of structures make up an osteon
1)lamellae-islands of calcified matrix between osteons
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| Slide 10--Compact Bone (Pt 2) | 2)Lacunae-- "little lakes" small spances containing osteocytes imprisioned between lamelies
3)Canaicull: Tiny tunnels that radiate from lucunee-to-lucanae and into the heaversian
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| Slide 10--Compact Bone (Pt 3) | 4)Haversian Canal: Contains blood vessels and nerves supplies nurtients and oxygen
*Volkmanns Cannal:Runs transverse, connecting haversian canals together
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| What type of bone constitutes of 80% bone mass? | Compact bone- constitutes 80% of total bone mass.
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| What is Comprised of cylinder-shaped osteons that are cemented together | The compact bone is-- Comprised of cylinder-shaped osteons that are cemented together
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| What are the Four types of structures make up an osteon? | 1)lamellae-
2)Lacunae
3)Canaicull
4)Haversian Canal
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| Define lamellae | lamellae-islands of calcified matrix between osteons
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| Define Lacunae | Lacunae-- "little lakes" small spances containing osteocytes imprisioned between lamelies
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| Define Canaicull | 3)Canaicull: Tiny tunnels that radiate from lucunee-to-lucanae and into the heaversian
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| Define Haversian Canal | Haversian Canal: Contains blood vessels and nerves supplies nurtients and oxygen
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| Define Volkmanns Cannal | Volkmanns Cannal:Runs transverse, connecting haversian canals together
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| Slide 12--Bone Marrow-Red Marrow | *Site of red blood cell synthesis
*Found in medullary cavities and spongy (cancellous) Bones
*Found in mostly long bones but also found in the ribs and pelvis
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| What bone marrow is the Site of red blood cell synthesis | Red Bone Marrow
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| Where is red bone marrow found? | Found in medullary cavities and spongy (cancellous) Bones
*Found in mostly long bones but also found in the ribs and pelvis
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| What bone marrow is mostly found in long bones but also found in the ribs and pelvis? | Red Bone Marrow
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| Slide 14--Yellow Bone Marrow | *Yellow Marrow is filled with fat cells
*As an individual ages, red marrow is replaced with yellow marrow
*During Times of anemia, the body can convert yellow marrow back to red marrow
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| Which bone marrow is filled with fat cells? | Yellow Marrow is filled with fat cells
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| As an individual ages, red marrow is replaced with? | As an individual ages, red marrow is replaced with yellow marrow
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| During Times of anemia, the body can convert yellow marrow back to What? | During Times of anemia, the body can convert yellow marrow back to red marrow
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| Slide 15--Bone Remodeling | *At any given time, 20% of the adult skeleton is undergoing remodeling
*Remodeling: Process of bone resorption followed by replacement of bone with little change or shape
*Osteoblasts: Build Bones
*Osteoclasts: Removes bones
Osteocytes: Mature osteobl
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| Define bone Remodeling | Remodeling: Process of bone resorption followed by replacement of bone with little change or shape
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| Define Osteoblasts | Osteoblasts: Build Bones
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| Define Osteoclasts | *Osteoclasts: Removes bones
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| Define Osteocytes | Osteocytes: Mature osteoblast
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| Slide 16--Osteoblasts (Pt 1) | *Most abundant cell in bone; star shaped
*Osteoblast secrete a collagenous matrix called an osteoid
*Activated by and has intracellular receptors for vitamin D
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| Slide 16--Osteoblasts (pt 2) | *once the matrix hardens, the osteoblast becomes an osteocyte
*osteocytes occypy a site called the lacuna
*Osteocytes are networked to eachother via long processess that occypy tiny canals called cananilci which are used for exhance of nutrients and was
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| What is the Most abundant cell in bone; star shaped called? | Osteoblasts
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| Osteoblast secrete a collagenous matrix called? | Osteoblast secrete a collagenous matrix called an osteoid
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| What is Activated by and has intracellular receptors for vitamin D | Osteoblasts
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| Once the matrix hardens, the osteoblast becomes? | once the matrix hardens, the osteoblast becomes an osteocyte
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| Osteocytes occypy a site called the? | osteocytes occypy a site called the lacuna
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| Osteocytes are networked to eachother via long processess that occypy tiny canals called? | Osteocytes are networked to eachother via long processess that occypy tiny canals called cananilci which are used for exhance of nutrients and waste
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| cananilci are used for? | cananilci which are used for exhance of nutrients and waste
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| Slide 17--Osteoclast (Pt 1) | *A large foamy cell filled with a very large amount of vesicles and mitochondria
*Release hydrochloric acid to breakdown the mineralized matrix
*Osteoclasts also release proteases and other enzymes that work to break down collegen
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| Slide 17--Osteoclast (Pt 2) | *The resulting breakdown creates a depression called Howship Lacuna
*Takes up calcium and releases it into the bloodstream
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| What is A large foamy cell filled with a very large amount of vesicles and mitochondria; Release hydrochloric acid to breakdown the mineralized matrix; also release proteases and other enzymes that work to break down collegen ? | Osteoclast
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| Osteoclasts also release proteases and other enzymes that work to break down collegen the resulting breakdown creates a depression called? | *Osteoclasts also release proteases and other enzymes that work to break down collegen
*The resulting breakdown creates a depression called Howship Lacuna
*Takes up calcium and releases it into the bloodstream
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| The resulting breakdown creates a depression called Howship Lacuna which takes up calcium and releases it into the? | *The resulting breakdown creates a depression called Howship Lacuna
*Takes up calcium and releases it into the bloodstream
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| Slide 18---Vitamin D (Pt 1) | * Is a hormone
*Very similar to steroids except the B ring is absent
*Humans synthesize Vitamin D from sunlight
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| Slide 18---Vitamin D (Pt 2) | *Small amounts are found in butter, egg yolk, and liver, rich sources are fish oil and salt water fish
*The most toxic of all vitamins can cause the deposition of calcium in organs and tissues
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| What vitamin is considered a hormone? | Vitamin D
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| What vitamin is similar to steroids except the B ring is absent | Vitamin D
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| Where do Humans synthesize Vitamin D from? | Humans synthesize Vitamin D from sunlight
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| Small amounts of Vitamin D are found in? | Small amounts are found in butter, egg yolk, and liver, rich sources are fish oil and salt water fish
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| What vitamin is the most toxic of all vitamins can cause the deposition of calcium in organs and tissues? | Vitamin D--The most toxic of all vitamins can cause the deposition of calcium in organs and tissues
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| Vitamin D deficiency is the lead to what disease in children? | Vitamin D deficiency leads to rickets in children
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| Slide 24--Vitamin D--Summary (Pt 1) | *Vitamin D synthesis begins in the skin from cholesterol
*Vitamin D is required for the uptake of calcium from the intestine this is important. Many calcium supplements have vitamin D in them for this reason
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| Slide 24--Vitamin D--Summary (Pt 2) | *The protein Vitamin D-binding protein transports vitamin D Through the blood
*Remember from last semester that skin color is a balancing act between vitamin D synthesis and protection of genetic material
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| Where does vitamin D synthesis begins? | Vitamin D synthesis begins in the skin from cholesterol
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| Slide 25--Calcium Homeostasis Parathyroid Hormone | *Parathyroid Hormone is the primary regulator of calcium homeostasis
1) stimulates osteoclast activity
2)Increases Calcium absorption from urine
3)Stimulates Vitamin D synthesis
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| Define Parathyroid Hormone? | Parathyroid Hormone is the primary regulator of calcium homeostasis
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| What 1) stimulates osteoclast activity 2)Increases Calcium absorption from urine 3)Stimulates Vitamin D synthesis | Parathyroid Hormone is the primary regulator of calcium homeostasis
1) stimulates osteoclast activity
2)Increases Calcium absorption from urine
3)Stimulates Vitamin D synthesis
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| Slide 26--Calcium Homeostasis-Calcitonion | Calcitonin is a hormone produced in response to high calcium levels
1) stimulates bone deposition
2) inhibits osteoclast activity
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| Define Calcitonin | Calcitonin is a hormone produced in response to high calcium levels
1) stimulates bone deposition
2) inhibits osteoclast activity
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| What is a hormone produced in response to high calcium levels 1) stimulates bone deposition 2) inhibits osteoclast activity | Calcitonin is a hormone produced in response to high calcium levels
1) stimulates bone deposition
2) inhibits osteoclast activity
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| Slide 27---Menopause, Estrogen & Bone (Pt 1) | *Estrogen is a sex hormone produced in copious amounts in females (ovaries) and is very small amounts in males (adrenal Gland
*Developing fetus requires a large amounts od dietary calcium
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| Slide 27---Menopause, Estrogen & Bone (Pt 1) | *Estrogen enchances osteoblast activity and inhibits osteoclast activity
*During menopause, estrogen levels drop & osteoclast activity is no longer inhibited
*Overall, menopause increase bone resorption & likelihood for osteoporasis & hip fractures
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| Estrogen is considered to be am? | *Estrogen is a sex hormone
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| What is a a sex hormone produced in copious amounts in females (ovaries) and is very small amounts in males (adrenal Gland | *Estrogen a sex hormone produced in copious amounts in females (ovaries) and is very small amounts in males (adrenal Gland
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| What enchances osteoblast activity and inhibits osteoclast activity? | *Estrogen enchances osteoblast activity and inhibits osteoclast activity
*During menopause, estrogen levels drop & osteoclast activity is no longer inhibited
*Overall, menopause increase bone resorption & likelihood for osteoporasis & hip fractures
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| During what_____ Does estrogen levels drop & osteoclast activity is no longer inhibited | During menopause, estrogen levels drop & osteoclast activity is no longer inhibited
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| Slide--28 Types of Fractures (Pt 1) | *Stress Fractures: Small fractures that are usually asymptomatic; dancer, runners, weight lifters may get these fractures
*Closed fractures:When the skin overlying the fractured bone in tact; also called a simple fracture
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| Slide--28 Types of Fractures (Pt2) | *Open fracture:When the fractured bone penetrates the skinl requires immdiate medical attention; also referred to as a "compound fracture"
*Complete fracture: Involved a break across the entire section of bone
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| Slide 28--Types of Fractures (Part 3) | *Incomplete Fracture: Involves a partial break with fragments still partially joined
Slide 28--Types of Fractures
(In class note)
Asymptomatic: No symptoms
Open Fracture: Can see bone
Closed Fracture: Cannot see bone
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| Define Stress Fractures | *Stress Fractures: Small fractures that are usually asymptomatic; dancer, runners, weight lifters may get these fractures
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| Define Closed fractures? | *Closed fractures:When the skin overlying the fractured bone in tact; also called a simple fracture
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| Define Open fracture | *Open fracture:When the fractured bone penetrates the skinl requires immdiate medical attention; also referred to as a "compound fracture"
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| Define Complete fracture? | *Complete fracture: Involved a break across the entire section of bone
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| Define Incomplete Fracture? | *Incomplete Fracture: Involves a partial break with fragments still partially joined
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| What is Asymptomatic? | Asymptomatic: No symptoms
*Open Fracture: Can see bone
Closed Fracture: Cannot see bone
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| Slide 30--Bone Repair (PT 1) | *Because bone is so highly vascularized bleeding, even if it all remains internal occurs
*A blood clot, or fracture hematoma forms
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| Slide 30--Bone Repair (PT 2) | *Osteoblasts are generated in large number osteoclasts and phagocytic cells (like macrophages) Come in and clear out bone fragments and blood clots debris, respectively
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| Slide 30--Bone Repair (PT 3) | *Fibroblast invade the damaged area between the edges of broken bone and lay down fibrocartilage. This fibrocartilage plus is called a cartilaginouscallus
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| Slide 30--Bone Repair (PT 4) |
*Fibrocartilage is replaced by bone (chondrocytes die and osteoblasts invade) Replacing the cartilaginous callus with a bony callus
*Final touches to the bony callus are made bye osteoclasts and osteoblasts--the repair is complete
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| Slide 32--Aging skeleton (Pt 1) | *Skeleton function beings to wane between 30-40
1) decrease in osteoblast numbers
2)Increase in oseteoblast numbers
3)Shrinkage of osteocytes which cause bone to become filled with holes
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| Slide 32--Aging skeleton (Pt 2) | 4)Decrease in number of trabeculae in spongy bone
5) Overall height decreases about age 35
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| Slide 35-- Joint Disease and injuries osteoarthritis (Pt 1) | Charcaterized by degeneration of the articular cartilage calcification of ligaments and thickening of synoval membrane
*Usually appear in people in there 50 and 60s
*Leading cause of long-term disability in aging but otherwise healthy individuals
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| Slide 35-- Joint Disease and injuries osteoarthritis (Pt 2) | *Treatment with asprin and ibuprofen, nutritional supplements of glucosamine and chrondolin may prove beneficial
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| What is Leading cause of long-term disability in aging but otherwise healthy individuals | Osteoarthritis
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| Define Osteoarthritis? | Charcaterized by degeneration of the articular cartilage calcification of ligaments and thickening of synoval membrane
*Usually appear in people in there 50 and 60s
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| Slide 36--Joint Diseases and injuries--Rheumatoid Arthitis (pt 1) | *An autoimmune disease that involved chronic inflammation of the joints
*Eventuallydestroys articular cartilag,causing the bones to fuse together
*Tell-tale sigh of rheumatoid arthritis is ulnar deviation of the fingers
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| Slide 36--Joint Diseases and injuries--Rheumatoid Arthitis (pt 2) | *Treatment with TNF blockers inhibit further destruction of articular cartilage
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| What is an An autoimmune disease that involved chronic inflammation of the joints & Eventuallydestroys articular cartilag,causing the bones to fuse together | Rheumatoid Arthritis
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| Slide 37--Rheumatoid Arthritis (Pt 1) | *The normal extracellular matriz of cartiage consists mainly composed of type II collagen, hyaluronan and aggrecan (A sugar mainly foind in articular cartilage)
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| Slide 37--Rheumatoid Arthritis (Pt 2) | *Chronic inflammation from RA results in overexpression of aggreceanases by neraby fibroblasts; loss of aggrecan is an early event in the destruction of articular cartilage
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| Slide 38--Aggrecan (Pt 1) | Aggrecan bonds with keratan (not keratin) and chondroitin. This lends articular cartilage its compressive properties a tensile strength
*ADAMTS proteins are aggrecanases.
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| Define Aggrecan | Aggrecan bonds with keratan (not keratin) and chondroitin. This lends articular cartilage its compressive properties a tensile strength
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| Slide 39 *Nobiletin, a citrus polymethoxy falanoid supressesgene expression and production of aggrecanses -1 and -2 in collagen- induced arthritic mice | Slide 39
*Nobiletin, a citrus polymethoxy falanoid supressesgene expression and production of aggrecanses -1 and -2 in collagen- induced arthritic mice
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| Slide 41--Joint disease and injuries--Gouty Arthritis (pt 1) | *An inflammatory disease
*High blood concentration of uric acide, waste and sodium crystalize in the synovial fluid
*Tophi are aggregation of crystaline sodium and uric acide
*Swelling and pain occur in the fingers, wrists, elbows and knees
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| Slide 41--Joint disease and injuries--Gouty Arthritis (pt 2) | *Treated with allopurinol which inhibits the synthesis of uric acid
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| Gouty is an? | An inflammatory disease
*High blood concentration of uric acide, waste and sodium crystalize in the synovial fluid
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| Tendons connect bone to? | Tendons connect bone to Muscle
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| Ligaments connect bone to? | Ligaments connect bone to bone
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| The adult human skeleton contains 500 bones? True or False | False
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| Osteoblasts? | Build bone
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| Osteoclast? | Destroy bone
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| Vitamin D deficiency leads to what disorder in children? | Rickets
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| Vitamin D is required for the uptake of iron from the intestine? True or False? | False
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| Which is not involved in the synthesis of vitamin D? | Skin, Kidney, Liver
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| What is an asymptomatic fracture seen in runners and weight lifers? | Stress fracture
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| When estrogen levels fall during menopause | Osteoblast activity decreases
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