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A&P II
Lecture 1--Bone biology & the skeletal System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Slide 1--Introduction to the Skeleton (PT 1) | The human skeleton consists of two main division 1) Axial (74 bones) 2) Appendicular (126 bones) |
| Slide 1--Introduction to the Skeleton (PT2) | There is a total of 206 bones in the adult body. There are 6 tiny bones in the inner ear |
| Slide 1--Introduction to the Skeleton (PT3) | Human infants are born with about 350 bones |
| What does the human skeleton consists of two main divisions? What are the two main divisions? | The human skeleton consists of two main division 1) Axial (74 bones) 2) Appendicular (126 bones) |
| How many total bones are in the adult human body? | There is a total of 206 bones in the adult body. There are 6 tiny bones in the inner ear |
| About how many are infants born with? | infants are born with 350 at birth. |
| Slide 2--Functions (pt 1) | *Provide shape and support *Muscle: 1) muscle and tendons attach to the bone's surface 2) ligaments connect bones together across a joint |
| Slide 2--Functions (pt 2) | *Protection of vital organs *site of red blood cells synthesis (hematopoiesis) *Serves as a store site for minerals, expecially calicum and phosphorus |
| Slide 3--Skull | *Protects the brain *Contains air-filled spaces or sinuses that is lined with mucosa *Comprised of eight bones fused together by sutures |
| The skull protects the? | The skull protects the brain |
| The skull contains what? | The skull contains air-filled spaces or sinuses that is lined with mucosa |
| What is Comprised of eight bones fused together by sutures? | The skull |
| What contains air-filled spaces or sinuses that is lined with mucosa | The skull |
| Slide 4--Types of bones | *Long bones: femur, thigh *Short bones: cube or box-shaped;carpal and ankle bones are examples *flat bones:generally broad & thin; ribs scapulae,sternum *irregular bones: uniquely shaped bones; one of a kind. Some examples include vertebral & facial bo |
| A femur and a thigh is an example of what kind of bone? | Long bone |
| cube or box-shaped;carpal and ankle bones are examples of? | |
| What type of bone is generally broad & thin; ribs scapulae,sternum | Flat bones |
| What kind of bone is uniquely shaped bones; one of a kind. Some examples include vertebral & facial bones | irregular bone |
| Slide 6--Infant skull | *Infant brain is rich in activity and consumes about 60% of the energy used by the body *the infant skull is born with fontanels or "soft spots" that have not fused *Fusion occurs when brain development is completed |
| An infant skull is born with fontanels what is another word for fontanels? | the infant skull is born with fontanels or "soft spots" that have not fused |
| When does fusion occurs in an infant brain? | Fusion occurs when brain development is completed |
| Slide 8--Anatomy7 of long bones (Pt 1) | *Long bones include the humorus, femur,uina,tibias,etc *site of red cell synthesis *Diaphysis: shaft-like portion *Epiphysis: Both ends of a long bone; provides attachment for muscle and joints |
| Slide 8--Anatomy7 of long bones (Pt 2) | *Articular Cartilage:Covers the articular & joint surface of the epiphysis *Periosteum: a dense membrane that covers the bone, containingosteogenic cells *Each longe bone contain a growth plate (epiphyseal plate) on each end |
| What does the long bone include? | Long bones include the humorus, femur,uina,tibias,etc |
| True or False--Are long bones a site of red cell synthesis? | True long bones a site of red cell synthesis |
| Define Diaphysis | Diaphysis: shaft-like portion |
| Define Epiphysis | Epiphysis: Both ends of a long bone; provides attachment for muscle and joints |
| Define Articular Cartilage | Covers the articular & joint surface of the epiphysis |
| Define Periosteum | a dense membrane that covers the bone, containingosteogenic cells |
| Each long bone contains what on each end? | *Each longe bone contain a growth plate (epiphyseal plate) on each end |
| Slide 10--Compact Bone (Pt 1) | * Constitutes 80% total bone mass *Comprised of cylinder-shaped osteons that are cemented together *Four types of structures make up an osteon 1)lamellae-islands of calcified matrix between osteons |
| Slide 10--Compact Bone (Pt 2) | 2)Lacunae-- "little lakes" small spances containing osteocytes imprisioned between lamelies 3)Canaicull: Tiny tunnels that radiate from lucunee-to-lucanae and into the heaversian |
| Slide 10--Compact Bone (Pt 3) | 4)Haversian Canal: Contains blood vessels and nerves supplies nurtients and oxygen *Volkmanns Cannal:Runs transverse, connecting haversian canals together |
| What type of bone constitutes of 80% bone mass? | Compact bone- constitutes 80% of total bone mass. |
| What is Comprised of cylinder-shaped osteons that are cemented together | The compact bone is-- Comprised of cylinder-shaped osteons that are cemented together |
| What are the Four types of structures make up an osteon? | 1)lamellae- 2)Lacunae 3)Canaicull 4)Haversian Canal |
| Define lamellae | lamellae-islands of calcified matrix between osteons |
| Define Lacunae | Lacunae-- "little lakes" small spances containing osteocytes imprisioned between lamelies |
| Define Canaicull | 3)Canaicull: Tiny tunnels that radiate from lucunee-to-lucanae and into the heaversian |
| Define Haversian Canal | Haversian Canal: Contains blood vessels and nerves supplies nurtients and oxygen |
| Define Volkmanns Cannal | Volkmanns Cannal:Runs transverse, connecting haversian canals together |
| Slide 12--Bone Marrow-Red Marrow | *Site of red blood cell synthesis *Found in medullary cavities and spongy (cancellous) Bones *Found in mostly long bones but also found in the ribs and pelvis |
| What bone marrow is the Site of red blood cell synthesis | Red Bone Marrow |
| Where is red bone marrow found? | Found in medullary cavities and spongy (cancellous) Bones *Found in mostly long bones but also found in the ribs and pelvis |
| What bone marrow is mostly found in long bones but also found in the ribs and pelvis? | Red Bone Marrow |
| Slide 14--Yellow Bone Marrow | *Yellow Marrow is filled with fat cells *As an individual ages, red marrow is replaced with yellow marrow *During Times of anemia, the body can convert yellow marrow back to red marrow |
| Which bone marrow is filled with fat cells? | Yellow Marrow is filled with fat cells |
| As an individual ages, red marrow is replaced with? | As an individual ages, red marrow is replaced with yellow marrow |
| During Times of anemia, the body can convert yellow marrow back to What? | During Times of anemia, the body can convert yellow marrow back to red marrow |
| Slide 15--Bone Remodeling | *At any given time, 20% of the adult skeleton is undergoing remodeling *Remodeling: Process of bone resorption followed by replacement of bone with little change or shape *Osteoblasts: Build Bones *Osteoclasts: Removes bones Osteocytes: Mature osteobl |
| Define bone Remodeling | Remodeling: Process of bone resorption followed by replacement of bone with little change or shape |
| Define Osteoblasts | Osteoblasts: Build Bones |
| Define Osteoclasts | *Osteoclasts: Removes bones |
| Define Osteocytes | Osteocytes: Mature osteoblast |
| Slide 16--Osteoblasts (Pt 1) | *Most abundant cell in bone; star shaped *Osteoblast secrete a collagenous matrix called an osteoid *Activated by and has intracellular receptors for vitamin D |
| Slide 16--Osteoblasts (pt 2) | *once the matrix hardens, the osteoblast becomes an osteocyte *osteocytes occypy a site called the lacuna *Osteocytes are networked to eachother via long processess that occypy tiny canals called cananilci which are used for exhance of nutrients and was |
| What is the Most abundant cell in bone; star shaped called? | Osteoblasts |
| Osteoblast secrete a collagenous matrix called? | Osteoblast secrete a collagenous matrix called an osteoid |
| What is Activated by and has intracellular receptors for vitamin D | Osteoblasts |
| Once the matrix hardens, the osteoblast becomes? | once the matrix hardens, the osteoblast becomes an osteocyte |
| Osteocytes occypy a site called the? | osteocytes occypy a site called the lacuna |
| Osteocytes are networked to eachother via long processess that occypy tiny canals called? | Osteocytes are networked to eachother via long processess that occypy tiny canals called cananilci which are used for exhance of nutrients and waste |
| cananilci are used for? | cananilci which are used for exhance of nutrients and waste |
| Slide 17--Osteoclast (Pt 1) | *A large foamy cell filled with a very large amount of vesicles and mitochondria *Release hydrochloric acid to breakdown the mineralized matrix *Osteoclasts also release proteases and other enzymes that work to break down collegen |
| Slide 17--Osteoclast (Pt 2) | *The resulting breakdown creates a depression called Howship Lacuna *Takes up calcium and releases it into the bloodstream |
| What is A large foamy cell filled with a very large amount of vesicles and mitochondria; Release hydrochloric acid to breakdown the mineralized matrix; also release proteases and other enzymes that work to break down collegen ? | Osteoclast |
| Osteoclasts also release proteases and other enzymes that work to break down collegen the resulting breakdown creates a depression called? | *Osteoclasts also release proteases and other enzymes that work to break down collegen *The resulting breakdown creates a depression called Howship Lacuna *Takes up calcium and releases it into the bloodstream |
| The resulting breakdown creates a depression called Howship Lacuna which takes up calcium and releases it into the? | *The resulting breakdown creates a depression called Howship Lacuna *Takes up calcium and releases it into the bloodstream |
| Slide 18---Vitamin D (Pt 1) | * Is a hormone *Very similar to steroids except the B ring is absent *Humans synthesize Vitamin D from sunlight |
| Slide 18---Vitamin D (Pt 2) | *Small amounts are found in butter, egg yolk, and liver, rich sources are fish oil and salt water fish *The most toxic of all vitamins can cause the deposition of calcium in organs and tissues |
| What vitamin is considered a hormone? | Vitamin D |
| What vitamin is similar to steroids except the B ring is absent | Vitamin D |
| Where do Humans synthesize Vitamin D from? | Humans synthesize Vitamin D from sunlight |
| Small amounts of Vitamin D are found in? | Small amounts are found in butter, egg yolk, and liver, rich sources are fish oil and salt water fish |
| What vitamin is the most toxic of all vitamins can cause the deposition of calcium in organs and tissues? | Vitamin D--The most toxic of all vitamins can cause the deposition of calcium in organs and tissues |
| Vitamin D deficiency is the lead to what disease in children? | Vitamin D deficiency leads to rickets in children |
| Slide 24--Vitamin D--Summary (Pt 1) | *Vitamin D synthesis begins in the skin from cholesterol *Vitamin D is required for the uptake of calcium from the intestine this is important. Many calcium supplements have vitamin D in them for this reason |
| Slide 24--Vitamin D--Summary (Pt 2) | *The protein Vitamin D-binding protein transports vitamin D Through the blood *Remember from last semester that skin color is a balancing act between vitamin D synthesis and protection of genetic material |
| Where does vitamin D synthesis begins? | Vitamin D synthesis begins in the skin from cholesterol |
| Slide 25--Calcium Homeostasis Parathyroid Hormone | *Parathyroid Hormone is the primary regulator of calcium homeostasis 1) stimulates osteoclast activity 2)Increases Calcium absorption from urine 3)Stimulates Vitamin D synthesis |
| Define Parathyroid Hormone? | Parathyroid Hormone is the primary regulator of calcium homeostasis |
| What 1) stimulates osteoclast activity 2)Increases Calcium absorption from urine 3)Stimulates Vitamin D synthesis | Parathyroid Hormone is the primary regulator of calcium homeostasis 1) stimulates osteoclast activity 2)Increases Calcium absorption from urine 3)Stimulates Vitamin D synthesis |
| Slide 26--Calcium Homeostasis-Calcitonion | Calcitonin is a hormone produced in response to high calcium levels 1) stimulates bone deposition 2) inhibits osteoclast activity |
| Define Calcitonin | Calcitonin is a hormone produced in response to high calcium levels 1) stimulates bone deposition 2) inhibits osteoclast activity |
| What is a hormone produced in response to high calcium levels 1) stimulates bone deposition 2) inhibits osteoclast activity | Calcitonin is a hormone produced in response to high calcium levels 1) stimulates bone deposition 2) inhibits osteoclast activity |
| Slide 27---Menopause, Estrogen & Bone (Pt 1) | *Estrogen is a sex hormone produced in copious amounts in females (ovaries) and is very small amounts in males (adrenal Gland *Developing fetus requires a large amounts od dietary calcium |
| Slide 27---Menopause, Estrogen & Bone (Pt 1) | *Estrogen enchances osteoblast activity and inhibits osteoclast activity *During menopause, estrogen levels drop & osteoclast activity is no longer inhibited *Overall, menopause increase bone resorption & likelihood for osteoporasis & hip fractures |
| Estrogen is considered to be am? | *Estrogen is a sex hormone |
| What is a a sex hormone produced in copious amounts in females (ovaries) and is very small amounts in males (adrenal Gland | *Estrogen a sex hormone produced in copious amounts in females (ovaries) and is very small amounts in males (adrenal Gland |
| What enchances osteoblast activity and inhibits osteoclast activity? | *Estrogen enchances osteoblast activity and inhibits osteoclast activity *During menopause, estrogen levels drop & osteoclast activity is no longer inhibited *Overall, menopause increase bone resorption & likelihood for osteoporasis & hip fractures |
| During what_____ Does estrogen levels drop & osteoclast activity is no longer inhibited | During menopause, estrogen levels drop & osteoclast activity is no longer inhibited |
| Slide--28 Types of Fractures (Pt 1) | *Stress Fractures: Small fractures that are usually asymptomatic; dancer, runners, weight lifters may get these fractures *Closed fractures:When the skin overlying the fractured bone in tact; also called a simple fracture |
| Slide--28 Types of Fractures (Pt2) | *Open fracture:When the fractured bone penetrates the skinl requires immdiate medical attention; also referred to as a "compound fracture" *Complete fracture: Involved a break across the entire section of bone |
| Slide 28--Types of Fractures (Part 3) | *Incomplete Fracture: Involves a partial break with fragments still partially joined Slide 28--Types of Fractures (In class note) Asymptomatic: No symptoms Open Fracture: Can see bone Closed Fracture: Cannot see bone |
| Define Stress Fractures | *Stress Fractures: Small fractures that are usually asymptomatic; dancer, runners, weight lifters may get these fractures |
| Define Closed fractures? | *Closed fractures:When the skin overlying the fractured bone in tact; also called a simple fracture |
| Define Open fracture | *Open fracture:When the fractured bone penetrates the skinl requires immdiate medical attention; also referred to as a "compound fracture" |
| Define Complete fracture? | *Complete fracture: Involved a break across the entire section of bone |
| Define Incomplete Fracture? | *Incomplete Fracture: Involves a partial break with fragments still partially joined |
| What is Asymptomatic? | Asymptomatic: No symptoms *Open Fracture: Can see bone Closed Fracture: Cannot see bone |
| Slide 30--Bone Repair (PT 1) | *Because bone is so highly vascularized bleeding, even if it all remains internal occurs *A blood clot, or fracture hematoma forms |
| Slide 30--Bone Repair (PT 2) | *Osteoblasts are generated in large number osteoclasts and phagocytic cells (like macrophages) Come in and clear out bone fragments and blood clots debris, respectively |
| Slide 30--Bone Repair (PT 3) | *Fibroblast invade the damaged area between the edges of broken bone and lay down fibrocartilage. This fibrocartilage plus is called a cartilaginouscallus |
| Slide 30--Bone Repair (PT 4) | *Fibrocartilage is replaced by bone (chondrocytes die and osteoblasts invade) Replacing the cartilaginous callus with a bony callus *Final touches to the bony callus are made bye osteoclasts and osteoblasts--the repair is complete |
| Slide 32--Aging skeleton (Pt 1) | *Skeleton function beings to wane between 30-40 1) decrease in osteoblast numbers 2)Increase in oseteoblast numbers 3)Shrinkage of osteocytes which cause bone to become filled with holes |
| Slide 32--Aging skeleton (Pt 2) | 4)Decrease in number of trabeculae in spongy bone 5) Overall height decreases about age 35 |
| Slide 35-- Joint Disease and injuries osteoarthritis (Pt 1) | Charcaterized by degeneration of the articular cartilage calcification of ligaments and thickening of synoval membrane *Usually appear in people in there 50 and 60s *Leading cause of long-term disability in aging but otherwise healthy individuals |
| Slide 35-- Joint Disease and injuries osteoarthritis (Pt 2) | *Treatment with asprin and ibuprofen, nutritional supplements of glucosamine and chrondolin may prove beneficial |
| What is Leading cause of long-term disability in aging but otherwise healthy individuals | Osteoarthritis |
| Define Osteoarthritis? | Charcaterized by degeneration of the articular cartilage calcification of ligaments and thickening of synoval membrane *Usually appear in people in there 50 and 60s |
| Slide 36--Joint Diseases and injuries--Rheumatoid Arthitis (pt 1) | *An autoimmune disease that involved chronic inflammation of the joints *Eventuallydestroys articular cartilag,causing the bones to fuse together *Tell-tale sigh of rheumatoid arthritis is ulnar deviation of the fingers |
| Slide 36--Joint Diseases and injuries--Rheumatoid Arthitis (pt 2) | *Treatment with TNF blockers inhibit further destruction of articular cartilage |
| What is an An autoimmune disease that involved chronic inflammation of the joints & Eventuallydestroys articular cartilag,causing the bones to fuse together | Rheumatoid Arthritis |
| Slide 37--Rheumatoid Arthritis (Pt 1) | *The normal extracellular matriz of cartiage consists mainly composed of type II collagen, hyaluronan and aggrecan (A sugar mainly foind in articular cartilage) |
| Slide 37--Rheumatoid Arthritis (Pt 2) | *Chronic inflammation from RA results in overexpression of aggreceanases by neraby fibroblasts; loss of aggrecan is an early event in the destruction of articular cartilage |
| Slide 38--Aggrecan (Pt 1) | Aggrecan bonds with keratan (not keratin) and chondroitin. This lends articular cartilage its compressive properties a tensile strength *ADAMTS proteins are aggrecanases. |
| Define Aggrecan | Aggrecan bonds with keratan (not keratin) and chondroitin. This lends articular cartilage its compressive properties a tensile strength |
| Slide 39 *Nobiletin, a citrus polymethoxy falanoid supressesgene expression and production of aggrecanses -1 and -2 in collagen- induced arthritic mice | Slide 39 *Nobiletin, a citrus polymethoxy falanoid supressesgene expression and production of aggrecanses -1 and -2 in collagen- induced arthritic mice |
| Slide 41--Joint disease and injuries--Gouty Arthritis (pt 1) | *An inflammatory disease *High blood concentration of uric acide, waste and sodium crystalize in the synovial fluid *Tophi are aggregation of crystaline sodium and uric acide *Swelling and pain occur in the fingers, wrists, elbows and knees |
| Slide 41--Joint disease and injuries--Gouty Arthritis (pt 2) | *Treated with allopurinol which inhibits the synthesis of uric acid |
| Gouty is an? | An inflammatory disease *High blood concentration of uric acide, waste and sodium crystalize in the synovial fluid |
| Tendons connect bone to? | Tendons connect bone to Muscle |
| Ligaments connect bone to? | Ligaments connect bone to bone |
| The adult human skeleton contains 500 bones? True or False | False |
| Osteoblasts? | Build bone |
| Osteoclast? | Destroy bone |
| Vitamin D deficiency leads to what disorder in children? | Rickets |
| Vitamin D is required for the uptake of iron from the intestine? True or False? | False |
| Which is not involved in the synthesis of vitamin D? | Skin, Kidney, Liver |
| What is an asymptomatic fracture seen in runners and weight lifers? | Stress fracture |
| When estrogen levels fall during menopause | Osteoblast activity decreases |
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ghadeer123
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