Assessment and Management of Patients With Eye and Vision Disorders- Chapter 58
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| accommodation: | process by which the eye adjusts for near distance (eg, reading) by changing the curvature of the lens to focus a clear image on the retina
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| anterior chamber: | space in the eye bordered anteriorly by the cornea and posteriorly by the iris and pupil
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| aphakia: | absence of the natural lens
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| aqueous humor: | watery fluid that fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye
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| astigmatism: | refractive error in which light rays are spread over a diffuse area rather than sharply focused on the retina, a condition caused by differences in the curvature of the cornea and lens
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| binocular vision: | normal ability of both eyes to focus on one object and fuse the two images into one
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| blindness: | inability to see, usually defined as corrected visual acuity of 20/400 or less, or a visual field of no more than 20 degrees in the better eye
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| bullous keratopathy: | corneal edema with painful blisters in the epithelium due to excessive corneal hydration chemosis:
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| edema of the conjunctiva |
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| cones: | retinal photoreceptor cells essential for visual acuity and color discrimination
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| diplopia: | seeing one object as two; double vision
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| emmetropia: | absence of refractive error
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| enucleation: | complete removal of the eyeball and part of the optic nerve
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| evisceration: | removal of the intraocular contents through a corneal or scleral incision; the optic nerve, sclera, extraocular muscles, and sometimes, the cornea are left intact
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| exenteration: | surgical removal of the entire contents of the orbit, including the eyeball and lids
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| hyperemia: | “red eye” resulting from dilation of the vasculature of the conjunctiva
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| hyperopia: | farsightedness; a refractive error in which the focus of light rays from a distant object is behind the retina
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| hyphema: | blood in the anterior chamber
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| hypopyon: | collection of inflammatory cells that has the appearance of a pale layer in the inferior anterior chamber of the eye
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| injection: | congestion of blood vessels
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| keratoconus: | cone-shaped deformity of the cornea
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| limbus: | junction of the cornea and sclera
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| miotics: | medications that cause pupillary constriction
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| mydriatics: | medications that cause pupillary dilation
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| myopia: | nearsightedness; a refractive error in which the focus of light rays from a distant object is anterior to the retina
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| neovascularization: | growth of abnormal new blood vessels
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| nystagmus: | involuntary oscillation of the eyeball
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| papilledema: | swelling of the optic disc due to increased intracranial pressure
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| photophobia: | ocular pain on exposure to light
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| posterior chamber: | space between the iris and vitreous
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| proptosis: | downward displacement of the eyeball resulting from an inflammatory condition of the orbit or a mass within the orbital cavity
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| ptosis: | drooping eyelid
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| refraction: | determination of the refractive errors of the eye and correction by lenses
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| rods: | retinal photoreceptor cells essential for bright and dim light
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| scotomas: | blind or partially blind areas in the visual field
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| strabismus: | a condition in which there is deviation from perfect ocular alignment
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| sympathetic ophthalmia: | an inflammatory condition created in the fellow eye by the affected eye (without useful vision); the condition may become chronic and result in blindness (of the fellow eye)
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| trachoma: | a bilateral chronic follicular conjunctivitis of childhood that leads to blindness during adulthood, if left untreated
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| vitreous humor: | gelatinous material (transparent and colorless) that fills the eyeball behind the lens
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| Note: | Common abbreviations related to vision and eye health are OD (oculus dexter, right eye), OS (oculus sinister, left eye), and OU (oculus uterque, both eyes).
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