Psychology Ch.2
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| prefrontal lobotomy | surgical procedure that severs fibers connecting the frontal lobes of the brain from the underlying thalamus
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| heuristic | mental shortcut that helps us to streamline our thinking and make sense of our world
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| representativeness heuristic | heuristic that involves judging the probability of an event by its superficial similarity to a prototype
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| base rate | how common a characteristic or behavior is in the general population
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| availability heuristic | heuristic that involves estimating the likeliness of an occurrence based on the ease with which it comes to our minds
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| cognitive biases | systematic errors in thinking
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| hindsight bias | tendency to overestimate how well we could have successfully forecasted known outcomes
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| overconfidence | tendency to overestimate our ability to make correct predicions
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| naturalistic observation | watching behavior in real-world settings without trying to manipulate the situation
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| external validity | extent to which we can generalize findings to real-world settings
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| internal validity | extent to which we can draw cause-and-effect inferences from a study
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| case study | research design that examines one person or a small number of people in depth, often over an extended time period
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| existence proof | demonstration that a given psychological phenomenon can occur
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| random selection | procedure that ensures every person in a population has an equal chance of being chosen to participate
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| reliability | consistency of measurement
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| validity | extent to which a measure assesses what it purports to measure
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| response set | tendency of research participants to distort their responses to questionnaire items
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| correlational designs | research design that examines the extent to which two variables are associated
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| illusory correlation | perception of a statistical association between two variables where none exists
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| experiment | research design characterized by random assignment of participants to conditions and manipulation of an independent variable
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| random assignment | randomly sorting participants into two groups
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| placebo effect | improvement resulting from the mere expectation of improvement
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| blind | unaware of whether one is in the experimental or control group
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| double-blind | when neither researchers nor participants are aware of who's in the experimental or control group
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| demand characteristics | cues that participants pick up from a study that allow them to generate guesses regarding the researcher's hypotheses
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| informed consent | informing research participants of what is involved in a study before asking them to participate
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