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Psychology Ch.2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| prefrontal lobotomy | surgical procedure that severs fibers connecting the frontal lobes of the brain from the underlying thalamus |
| heuristic | mental shortcut that helps us to streamline our thinking and make sense of our world |
| representativeness heuristic | heuristic that involves judging the probability of an event by its superficial similarity to a prototype |
| base rate | how common a characteristic or behavior is in the general population |
| availability heuristic | heuristic that involves estimating the likeliness of an occurrence based on the ease with which it comes to our minds |
| cognitive biases | systematic errors in thinking |
| hindsight bias | tendency to overestimate how well we could have successfully forecasted known outcomes |
| overconfidence | tendency to overestimate our ability to make correct predicions |
| naturalistic observation | watching behavior in real-world settings without trying to manipulate the situation |
| external validity | extent to which we can generalize findings to real-world settings |
| internal validity | extent to which we can draw cause-and-effect inferences from a study |
| case study | research design that examines one person or a small number of people in depth, often over an extended time period |
| existence proof | demonstration that a given psychological phenomenon can occur |
| random selection | procedure that ensures every person in a population has an equal chance of being chosen to participate |
| reliability | consistency of measurement |
| validity | extent to which a measure assesses what it purports to measure |
| response set | tendency of research participants to distort their responses to questionnaire items |
| correlational designs | research design that examines the extent to which two variables are associated |
| illusory correlation | perception of a statistical association between two variables where none exists |
| experiment | research design characterized by random assignment of participants to conditions and manipulation of an independent variable |
| random assignment | randomly sorting participants into two groups |
| placebo effect | improvement resulting from the mere expectation of improvement |
| blind | unaware of whether one is in the experimental or control group |
| double-blind | when neither researchers nor participants are aware of who's in the experimental or control group |
| demand characteristics | cues that participants pick up from a study that allow them to generate guesses regarding the researcher's hypotheses |
| informed consent | informing research participants of what is involved in a study before asking them to participate |
Created by:
rlhaas
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