Prof: Fabick
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| Pharmacokinetics | study of drug moevement throughout the body
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| diffusion or passive transport | molecules move from higher to lower concentration & are usually small nonionized or lipid-soluble
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| active transport | chemicals move against concentration or electrochemical gradient & usually large ioniezed or water-soluble molecules
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| cotransport | movement of 2 or more chemicals across the membrane
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| absorption | movement from site of administration across body membranes to circulating fluids
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| affinity | attraction
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| drug-protein complexes | binding reversibly to plasma proteins & never reaching target cell
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| blood-brain & fetal-placenta barriers | are special anatomic barriers that prevent many chemicals & medications from entering
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| biotransformation | or metabolism is how the drug is used by teh body & also changes it so that it can be excreted
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| conjugates | side chains that makes drugs more water soluble & more easily excreted by the kidneys
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| prodrugs | have no pharmacologic activity unless 1st metabolized to active form by the body
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| enzyme induction | a drug increases metabolic activity in the liver
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| 1st-pass effect | oral drugs that enter hepatic-portal circulation
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| pharmacodynamics | how medicine changes the body
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| frequency-distribution curve | graphical representation of number of clients responding to drugs at different doses
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| median effective dose | middle of frequency-distribution curve that produces therapeutic response in 50% of a group also known as average or standard dose
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| ED50 | median effective dose
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| LD50 | median lethal dose
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| median lethal dose | used to assess safety of a drug & is lethal dose in 50% of group of animals
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| therapeutic index | measure of a drug's safety margin. the higher the value the safer the drug
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| calculating therapeutic index | median LD50 divided by median ED50
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| median toxicity dose | dose that will produce given toxicity in 50% of group of clients
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| TD50 | median toxic dose
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| graded-dose responses | graphically visualizes differences in responses to medications in a single patient
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| phase 1 | occurs at lowest dose & few target cells affected by drug
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| phase 2 | linear relationship & most desirable range
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| phase 3 | plateau reached therefore increasing dose has no therapeutic effect & increased dose may produce adverse effects
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| potency | produces a therapeutic effect at a lower dose compared with another drug in the same class
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| efficacy | magnitude of maximal response that can be produced from a particular drug
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| which is more important potency or efficacy? | efficacy
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| nonspecific cellular response | caused by drugs that act independently of receptors
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| angonists | produce greater maximal response, produce same response as endogenous substance & bind to receptor
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| partial antagonists | bind to receptor & produce a weaker response than agonist
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| antagonists | occupy receptors & prevent endogenous chemical from acting often compete with agonist for receptors
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| functional antagonists | inhibit the effects of an agonist not by competing for a receptor but by changing pharmacokinetic factors
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| idiosyncratic responses | unpredictable & unexplained drug reactions
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| pharmacogenetics | are of pharmacology that examines the role of heredity in drug response
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