Musculoskeletal System
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| 3 main functions | motion, support, protection
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| Preservation of motion | the most important to prevent orthopedic disabilities(from immobility)
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| Bursa | fluid filled provides cushion at friction points
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| Fascia | seperates the muscles
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| Tendons | movement
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| cartilages | cushion
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| connective tissue | tendons and cartilage
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| Ligaments | joins the bones of a joint together
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| Haversian system | runs through the bone and contains the blood and lymph vessels
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| musculoskeletal system | consists of bones joints cartilage ligaments tendons and muscles 206 bones in body
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| Bones | contain red blood marrow
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| Length of bones | long short flat and irregular
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| rigid framework | supports organs and skin
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| functions of Bone | produce red bone marrow, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
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| Functions of bones 2 | store and release minerals
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| Bones | transport nutrients to the bone cells and remove wastes
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| Remodeling | existing bone is reabsorbed into body and new bone is built by osteoblasts to replace it.
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| Muscles | providing movement and joint stability
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| aging | decreased bone density and brittle an less compact bone
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| elderly | bones do not heal readily
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| Kyphosis(dowagers hump) | thinning intervertebral and collapse of the vertebra
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| Crepitation | joint cartilage thins/erodes stiffness
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| Osteoporosis | occurs mostly in women
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| Calcified ligaments | lose their elasticity
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| muscle cramping | at night, increases because of impaired circulation and accumulation of metabolic wastes.
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| causes of musculoskeletal | disease, trauma, malnutrition, and aging, decrease in estrogen
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| Steroids | refrain from long term use
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| weight training and exercises | can decrease osteoporosis and increase muscle strength
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| Goniometry | measurement of joint motion with a goniometer
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| Kyphosis | thinning interverebral cartilage and collapse of the vertebra
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| Contractures | begins 3-7 days after immobilization shortening of skeletal muscle tissue causing deformity
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| Ankylosis | permanent fixation of a joint
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| Flaccid | footboard
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| Roto | rest bed
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| Fluid Air bed | prevent pressure sores
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| Cane | is advanced at the same time as the affected leg
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| four point gait | Advance L crutch R foot Right crutch left foot
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| three point gait | Advance both crutches forward with affected leg and shift weight to crutches
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| two point gait | advance L crutch and R foot Right crutch and L foot walking pattern
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| RICE | rest ice compression elevation
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| Sprain stages | Grade 1- mild tenderness minimal swelling
Grade 2- moderate more severe pain(weight bearing) swelling and bleeding into joint some loss of function
Grade 3- severe complete tearing of fibers. Pain be less pain, swelling, loss of function bleeding joint
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| Sprain | apply ice immediately 24-72 hours, 10-20 mins every 1-2 hours
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| strain | most common, swelling, pain
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| Tear | bleeding(ecchymosis, hemorragic spots
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| subluxation | partial dislocation
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| ACL | tears from femur to tibia
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| Heel bone | calcaneus
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| Carpal Tunnel Syndrome | nerve problem that occurs when the median nerve is compressed as it passes through the carpal tunnel in the wrist
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| Bunion(Hallux Valgus) | foot problem- great toe
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| closed fractures | manipulated into alignment , no surgical incision
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| open reduction | compound surgical incision, surgical incision
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| internal fixation | pins, nails, screws, metal plates, brittle bones
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| external fixation | pins, bars, rods outside of leg(screwed in to leg on outside, sturdy external frame placed into bone with pins
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| nonunion | failure to heal
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| osteogenesis | growth of bone cells
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| fiberglass polyester | cotton knitt
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| complete fracture | breaks into 2 parts completely seperated
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| incomplete fracture | 2 parts no seperated
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| comminuted fracture | shattered into more than 2 fractures
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| closed(simple) fracture | no skin broken
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| open (compound) fracture | bone protrudes the skin
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| Greenstick fracture | common in children-partially broken and partially bent
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| Pain control | if elevating limb doesn't relieve pain within 30 mins notify Dr.
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| Traction | application of a mechanical pull to a part of the body for the purpose of extending and holding that part in a certain position during immobilization
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| Osteomyelitis | bacterial infection of the bone (staph) enters blood stream from boil, open wound
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| compartment syndrome | one or more muscle compartments external and internal pressure and seriously restricts circulation to the area
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| Embolism | occurs happens within 48 hours of fracture
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| lyme disease | bite of a deer tick
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| Osteoarthritis | inflammation of a joint
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| Rheumatoid Arthritis | inflammatory disease of the joints
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| Gammalinolenic Acid | a fatty acid found in the seeds of evening primrose and borage plants
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| Synovectomy | the excision of the synovia membrane of a joint
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| Arthoroplasty | surgial repair of the hip joint
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| Gout | is arthritis of a joint caused by high serum levels of uric acid
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| osteopenia | low bone mass
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| Osteoporosis | silent disease
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| Paget's Disease | common in men, unknown cause, abnormal bone resorption followed by replacement of normal marrow with fibrous connective tissue
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| Tumors | arise from cartilage bones and fibrous tissue
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