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Chapter 31 & 32
Musculoskeletal System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 3 main functions | motion, support, protection |
| Preservation of motion | the most important to prevent orthopedic disabilities(from immobility) |
| Bursa | fluid filled provides cushion at friction points |
| Fascia | seperates the muscles |
| Tendons | movement |
| cartilages | cushion |
| connective tissue | tendons and cartilage |
| Ligaments | joins the bones of a joint together |
| Haversian system | runs through the bone and contains the blood and lymph vessels |
| musculoskeletal system | consists of bones joints cartilage ligaments tendons and muscles 206 bones in body |
| Bones | contain red blood marrow |
| Length of bones | long short flat and irregular |
| rigid framework | supports organs and skin |
| functions of Bone | produce red bone marrow, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. |
| Functions of bones 2 | store and release minerals |
| Bones | transport nutrients to the bone cells and remove wastes |
| Remodeling | existing bone is reabsorbed into body and new bone is built by osteoblasts to replace it. |
| Muscles | providing movement and joint stability |
| aging | decreased bone density and brittle an less compact bone |
| elderly | bones do not heal readily |
| Kyphosis(dowagers hump) | thinning intervertebral and collapse of the vertebra |
| Crepitation | joint cartilage thins/erodes stiffness |
| Osteoporosis | occurs mostly in women |
| Calcified ligaments | lose their elasticity |
| muscle cramping | at night, increases because of impaired circulation and accumulation of metabolic wastes. |
| causes of musculoskeletal | disease, trauma, malnutrition, and aging, decrease in estrogen |
| Steroids | refrain from long term use |
| weight training and exercises | can decrease osteoporosis and increase muscle strength |
| Goniometry | measurement of joint motion with a goniometer |
| Kyphosis | thinning interverebral cartilage and collapse of the vertebra |
| Contractures | begins 3-7 days after immobilization shortening of skeletal muscle tissue causing deformity |
| Ankylosis | permanent fixation of a joint |
| Flaccid | footboard |
| Roto | rest bed |
| Fluid Air bed | prevent pressure sores |
| Cane | is advanced at the same time as the affected leg |
| four point gait | Advance L crutch R foot Right crutch left foot |
| three point gait | Advance both crutches forward with affected leg and shift weight to crutches |
| two point gait | advance L crutch and R foot Right crutch and L foot walking pattern |
| RICE | rest ice compression elevation |
| Sprain stages | Grade 1- mild tenderness minimal swelling Grade 2- moderate more severe pain(weight bearing) swelling and bleeding into joint some loss of function Grade 3- severe complete tearing of fibers. Pain be less pain, swelling, loss of function bleeding joint |
| Sprain | apply ice immediately 24-72 hours, 10-20 mins every 1-2 hours |
| strain | most common, swelling, pain |
| Tear | bleeding(ecchymosis, hemorragic spots |
| subluxation | partial dislocation |
| ACL | tears from femur to tibia |
| Heel bone | calcaneus |
| Carpal Tunnel Syndrome | nerve problem that occurs when the median nerve is compressed as it passes through the carpal tunnel in the wrist |
| Bunion(Hallux Valgus) | foot problem- great toe |
| closed fractures | manipulated into alignment , no surgical incision |
| open reduction | compound surgical incision, surgical incision |
| internal fixation | pins, nails, screws, metal plates, brittle bones |
| external fixation | pins, bars, rods outside of leg(screwed in to leg on outside, sturdy external frame placed into bone with pins |
| nonunion | failure to heal |
| osteogenesis | growth of bone cells |
| fiberglass polyester | cotton knitt |
| complete fracture | breaks into 2 parts completely seperated |
| incomplete fracture | 2 parts no seperated |
| comminuted fracture | shattered into more than 2 fractures |
| closed(simple) fracture | no skin broken |
| open (compound) fracture | bone protrudes the skin |
| Greenstick fracture | common in children-partially broken and partially bent |
| Pain control | if elevating limb doesn't relieve pain within 30 mins notify Dr. |
| Traction | application of a mechanical pull to a part of the body for the purpose of extending and holding that part in a certain position during immobilization |
| Osteomyelitis | bacterial infection of the bone (staph) enters blood stream from boil, open wound |
| compartment syndrome | one or more muscle compartments external and internal pressure and seriously restricts circulation to the area |
| Embolism | occurs happens within 48 hours of fracture |
| lyme disease | bite of a deer tick |
| Osteoarthritis | inflammation of a joint |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | inflammatory disease of the joints |
| Gammalinolenic Acid | a fatty acid found in the seeds of evening primrose and borage plants |
| Synovectomy | the excision of the synovia membrane of a joint |
| Arthoroplasty | surgial repair of the hip joint |
| Gout | is arthritis of a joint caused by high serum levels of uric acid |
| osteopenia | low bone mass |
| Osteoporosis | silent disease |
| Paget's Disease | common in men, unknown cause, abnormal bone resorption followed by replacement of normal marrow with fibrous connective tissue |
| Tumors | arise from cartilage bones and fibrous tissue |
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