Respiratory Disorders
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| Influenza | Upper respiratory disease. Upper respiratory viral infection.
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| Influenza viral strains | A - more serious forms during flu season
B - more serious forms during flu season
C - cause mild S/S. often confused with a cold. Always hanging around.
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| S/S of Influenza | Prodromal Stage: feel like coming down with something
Clinical Stage: congestion and sore throat, runny nose and fever.
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| Diagnosis of Influenza | Self diagnosed based on S/S. Doctor to confirm
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| Treatment for Influenza | - Palliative Treatments: Fluids, Rest, Decongestants, Hot soup
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| Prognosis for Influenza | Get better in 1 week to 10 days
Almost never fatal.
Some people get a secondary bacteria infection.
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| Lower Respiratory Disease | People with weak immune systems are at an increased risk. Could lead to Pneumonia. Could be fatal.
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| Diagnostic procedures for Lower Respiratory Diseases. | -Auscultation: listening for Rales and abnormal breath sounds. Make sure air is flowing in and out.
-Chest X Ray
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| S/S for Lower Respiratory Disease | Hemoptysis, Hypoxia, Hypercapnea, Respiratory acidosis, Atelectasis, Pneumothorax
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| Hemoptysis | Coughing up blood from lungs.
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| Hypoxia | A lack of oxygen.
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| Hypercapnea | An excess of carbon dioxide.
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| Respiratory Acidosis | A decrease in the pH of body fluids due to a buildup of carbon dioxide.
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| Atelectasis | A partial or complete collapse of lung tissue.
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| Pneumothorax | The presence of air between the Visceral pleura and the Parietal pleura.
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| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) | Transitional stage between Bronchitis and Emphysema. Has the signs of both. Is controlable.
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| Chronic Bronchitis | Has bronchitis for three months out of a year for 2 consecutive years. Affects Bronchi (large airways). Can be cured. Can lead to emphysema.
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| Obstruction to air flow in chronic bronchistis. | Inflamation and mucus obstruct bronchi. Obstructive disease.
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| Eitology of Chronic Bronchitis | Infection (not usual) or Irritation (most likely and ususally from smoking or occupational exposure). Smoking is the most common cause of Chronic Bronchitis.
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| S/S of Chronic Bronchitis | Coughing with mucus. Easily SOB. Because the walls are inflamed they make more mucus.
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| Diagnosis of Chronic Bronchitis | Based on S/S. Cough up mucus = bronchitis
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| Treatment for Chronic Bronchitis | Remove source or couse of Irretation. Stop smoking or treat infection.
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| Prognisis for Chronic Bronchitis | Reversible but eventually leads to damage to other parts of the lung like the alveoli. COPD stage in about 15 years. If it continues longer it leads to emphysema.
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| Emphysema | Break down of elasticity of respiratory tissues. Not reversable. Poor gas exchange. Exhaling is no longer passive.
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| Bullae | A group of overinflated alveoli. A lot of oxygen in the bullae is too far from the wall of the alveoli to be of use.
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| Obstruction of air flow in Emphysema | Loss of elacticy
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| Eitology of Emphysema | Chronic Bronchitis (most common). A small amount of people have a genetic defect in how their body processes elastin.
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| S/S of Emphysema | Pink Puffers and Blue Bloaters. Both have labored breathing.
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| Pink Puffers | -Oxygen levels = normal
-CO2 levels = slightly elevated (Pink skin)
-pH = normal
-Barrell chest with thin arms and legs
-Weight loss
-increase mucus because air is not moving out
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| Blue Bloaters | -Hypoxia (Blue skin)
-Hypercapnea
-Respiratory Acidosis
-Cor Pulmonale:RCHF leads to systemic edema (bloat)
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| Diagnosis for Emphysema | Pulmonary Function Test.
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| Treatment for Emphysema | Stop smoking. Eventually the damage is done. Supplimental oxygen at Blue Bloater Stage.
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| Prognosis for Emphysema | Pink eventually becomes Blue. Irreversable. When it reaches a certain point it is fatal. People die of respiratory or heart failure.
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| Bronchial Asthma | Obstruction of smallest branches of airway. Spasm of muscle cell around small airways causing obstruction. No air to alveoli.
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| Obstruction of air flow for Asthma | Bronchosmpasm. Inflammation leads to more mucus.
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| Eitology of Asthma | Idiopathic, Familial, More common in people with allergies, More common in people who live in crowded areas. Can start at any age but usually starts at a young age.
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| Triggers for Asthma | Intrinsic: Stress, emotions, exercise induced, anxiety induced.
Extrinsic: Inhaled Alllergens (pollen), Inhaled Irritants (dust), Cold air.
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| S/S of Asthma | Wheezing, severe difficulty breathing, coughing up thick mucus.
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| Diagnosis of Asthma | Pulmonary Function Test: abnormal results even when not having an asthma attack.
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| Treatment of Asthma | Bronchodilator
Corticosteroids
Inhaler to prevent attacks
Injection when having an attack
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| Bronchiodilators | relax muscle cells in smallest branches of lung. Chemically related to Adrenaline.
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| Corticosteroids | Decrease swelling. Chemically related to Cortazone.
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| Inhalers | Allow us to use a smaller dose of medication. Medication goes directly to lungs.
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| Prognosis of Asthma | -Most are managable
-Medications are very good at controlling attacks
-Childhood asthma sometimes goes away in puberty
-If still present after puberty it is a lifelong disease.
-If you do not respond to treatment it can be fatal.
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