Bio 211 Final Pt 3
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| Name 4 forms of immunity | Innate, Adaptive,Active,Passive
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| What are the properties of immunity? | Specifity, Versatility,memory,tolerance
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| What is the primary function of a lymph node? | are components of the lymphatic system. Lymph nodes act as filters, with an internal honeycomb of connective tissue filled with lymphocytes that collect and destroy bacteria and viruses
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| Describe the process of lymphocyte production. | Involves Red bone marrow,thymus, peripheral lymphoid tissue
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| What's the lymphatic system? | The lymphatic system helps to maintain fluid balance, defend the body against disease and absorb liquids from the intestine and transport them to the blood .
The Lymphatic System collects and returns fluid that leaks from blood vessels.
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| What are the 3 classes of lymphocytes that are in blood? | T cells, B cells and natural killer (NK) cells
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| What are the 7 major catagories of nonspecific lymphatic defenses? | .Barricades
b.Phagocytes
c.Inflammatory response
d.Natural killer cells
e.Compliment system is a group of plasma proteins
f.Interferons interfere with viral replication.
g.Fever raises body temperature to become less hospitable to invaders.
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| What is the difference between nonspecific and specific defenses? | Non- specific defenses attack any foreign invaders by physical and chemical barriers first and then internally. Specific defenses are our immune system and the immune response that targets specific invaders
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| What are the effects of complement activation? | 1.Opsonization - enhancing phagocytosis of antigens
2.Chemotaxis - attracting macrophages and neutrophils
3.Cell Lysis - rupturing membranes of foreign cells
4.Clumping of antigen-bearing agents
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| What are macrophages responsible for? | Macrophage is a white blood cell, produced by Monocytes. Monocytes and Macrophages are both Phagocytes. These work as a part of the human immune system.
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| What triggers an immune response? |
The immune system protects the body from potentially harmful substances by recognizing and responding to antigens.
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| How do vaccines work? | Vaccines work by activating the immune system in various ways to allow specific immune cells to gain "memory". With this memory, the immune system produces a more effective response to the pathogen on the second time around
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| What is AIDS? | Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is a disease caused by a virus called HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus).
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| Why is it more desirable to breathe in through the nasal cavity rather than the mouth? | 1- The tiny capillaries in the nose warms up air before going in to the lungs.
2- The nose hair traps any unwanted bodies and dust
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| What are the most important respiratory muscles? | the diaphragm and the external and internal costal muscles
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| What are basic functions of the respiratory system? | 1. -Gas exchange. Regulation of blood pH.Voice production.Olfaction.Innate immunity
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| What happens to the respiratory system at birth? | Increasing uptake of oxygen by lungs (first and subsequent breaths) induces a vasoconstriction of ductus venosus and ductus arteriosis
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| What is a respiratory cycle? | consists of one inspiration followed by one expiration. The volume of air that enters or leaves during a single respiratory cycle is called the tidal volume.
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| What are 3 steps of external respiration? | External respiration consist in three steps: 1.Pulmonary ventilation (inhalation and exhalation.)
2.Gas diffusion.
3.Transport of Oxygen (O2) and Carbon dioxide (CO2
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| What are the differences in the right and left lung? | The right lung, which is heavier than the left, is also shorter (the right dome of the diaphragm being higher) and wider (the heart bulging more to the left).
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| What are some of the protective reflexes of the respiratory system? | Examples of protective reflexes include sneezing, coughing, and laryngeal spasms
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| Where does Gas exchange occur? | The exchange of gases (O2 & CO2) between the alveoli & the blood occurs by simple diffusion
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| What are the functions of saliva? | •Lubrication and binding•Solubilises dry food:•Initiates starch digestion•Provides alkaline buffering and fluid
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| Name the major functions of the stomache? | The functions of a stomach is to hold, digest, expell and process food for digestion as it empties into the small intestine.
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| What is peristalsis? | The involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles of the intestine or another canal, creating wavelike movements that push the contents of the canal forward
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| What is the name of contractions that mix digestive contents with intestinal secretions? | Digestive motility
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| Functions of the digestive system | Four functions
Motility
Secretion
Digestion
Absorption
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| What are the parts of the digestive system from beginning to end? | Digestive tract
Continuous from mouth to anus
Consists of
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Large intestine
Cecum
Appendix
Colon
Rectum
Anus
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| What parts of the urinary system are responsible for storage, transport, and elimination of urine? | ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
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| Name the structure that produces urine. | nephronsThe nephron consists of a filtering component, complete with a blood supply, and a tube that forms urine
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| What are the major functions of the urinary system? | TO REMOVE WASTE FROM THE BLOOD
2. TO KEEP HOMEOSTATIS OF WATER, SALT AND ACIDS BY FLITERING BLOOD THRU KIDNEYS
3. CONVERTING WASTE PRODUCTS AND EXCESS FLUIDS INTO URINE INT EH KIDNEYS AND EXCRETING THEM FROM THE BODY
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| What are the six steps taken by kidneys to filter liquids? |
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| What are the 3 layers that stabilize and protect the kidneys? | (1) RENAL capsule
(2) ADIPOSE capsule
(3) renal FASCIA
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| The sympathetic innervation of the kidneys does what two things? |
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| The glomerular capillaries are what kind of capillaries? | Fenestrated
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| What are major diseases of urinary system? | Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
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| What changes occur in circulating hormone levels accompany the ovarian cycle? | These are the trigger changes. They c The two major hormones involved are estrogen and progesterone. The levels of these hormones change during the different phases of the cycle as shown in the diagram
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| Components of Male reproductive system | Penis,Scrotum,Testicles (testes)
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| Components of female reproductive system | Vagina,Uterus (womb): ,Ovaries,Fallopian tubes
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| What structure holds placenta and baby during pregnancy? | uterus
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| The corpus luteum is located on what structure? | ovary
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| The prostate gland encircles what structure? | encircles the urethra
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| What is Cryptorchidism? | is the absence of one or both testes from the scrotum
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| What is Mitosis? | Mitosis produces two daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell. If the parent cell is haploid (N), then the daughter cells will be haploid. If the parent cell is diploid, the daughter cells will also be diploid.
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| What is meiosis? | Meiosis produces daughter cells that have one half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
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| What is oogenesis? | production of ova. The development of a diploid cell into a haploid ovum or egg cell.
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| What is the uterine cycle? | The changes that occur in the uterus during the reproductive cycle of the human female; also called the menstrual cycle
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| What happens to the reproductive system as we age? Female | woman, aging changes involve hormone levels, physical changes in the woman's entire reproductive tract, and psychological changes.
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| What happens to the reproductive system as we age? Male | , the decline in reproductive ability is more gradual, the rate of sperm production slows
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