Microbiology final review questions
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each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Q-Fever animal host? | Rats and Mice
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| Death rate of mothers in delivery room decreased due to? | Semmelweis convinced Doctors to treat hands antiseptically
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| Koch postulates established? | Specific micro-organism may be the cause of a disease under study.
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| Microbiology the sudy of: | Prions, viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites
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| Smallest size visible using a light Microscope | 0.2 microns
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| Electron Microscope allows to see viruses that are? | 0.03-0.3 microns
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| Electron Microscope resolves to smallest possible micron: | TEM
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| Macromolecules take the form of: | proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids and lipids
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| polymeric molecules have: | many copies of a few chemical subunits
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| Cell wall of bacterium made up of a substance called peptodoglycan which: | Multi-layer cross-linked structure of carbohydrates held together by peptide linkages
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| Bacterium with a corkscrew coming out of it called: | flagellum
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| Function of fimbriae is to: | attach to host cells
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| Gram+ and Gram- differ in term of: | Number of cell envelope layers
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| Function of the Golgi apparatus: | Package materials
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| Function of Endoplasmic Reticulum | Fold and transport proteins
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| When does a cell rely on endocytosis: | Encounter a large molecule it can use as energy source.
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| Phagocyotic cells secrete enzymes that begin to breakdown materials? | False
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| Soon as pseudopodium of phagocytic cell surrounds target it begins to digest the target? | Truce
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| Lysosomes are: digestive organelles filled with biochemicals and enzymes? | Truce
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| Flagessa and Cilia used for motility both made of what macromolecule? | Carbohydrate
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| Symbiotic fungi obtain nutrients from where? | Other organisms and do not cause organism harm
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| Heterotrophic organisms are those that? | Use organic carbon from other organisms
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| Fuzzy mass of hyphae is called: | Mycelium
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| How do yeast differ from molds? | Yeast single cell, molds multi cellular
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| Hyaphe associated with what types of fungus? | Molds
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| Cell walls of most fungi made of_____ which can be classified as_____ | chitin, polysaccharide
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| Prostista Kingdom includes: | Algae, protozoa and Slime Molds
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| Algae cell walls are made of: | Cellulose
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| Flagellated protozoa are immobile: | False
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| Difference between slime molds and water molds? | Water molds have flagellated reproductive cells.
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| Lice can transmit? | Trench fever, epidemic typhus and relapsing fever.
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| Yerisinia pestis causes: | Plague
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| Dermacentor andersoni transmits? | Rickettsia rickettsii which causes Rocky Mtn Spotted fever.
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| Viruses lack: | Cellular organelles
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| Viruses contain: | Nucleic acid wrapped in protein coat.
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| Viral infection cycle starts and end? | Attachment and release.
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| Naked virus release from a cell by: | Cell lysis
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| Lytic virus called a: | lysogen
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| After carbon most element in microbes: | Oxygen
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| Bacteria that does not need additional supplements? | Autotroph
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| Bacteria found in Great Salt Lake area: | Halophiles
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| Diffusion driven by process: | Browian motion
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| Microbes responsible for most human disease: | Mesophiles
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| Grows in high salt concentration: | Staphylococcus and Streptococcus
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| Test for diptheria: | Schick test
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| Prokaryote gene expression seen at what level? | Transcription
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| When repressor protein binds to operator site within inducible system? | Transcription ceases, RNA polymease unable to bind to Promoter site.
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| Genes normally turned on but can be turned off when advantageous to the cell called: | Repressible
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| When levels of tryptophan are high: | The aopressor produced by the trp operon will be activated.
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| When molecule of trypotophan binds with corresponding aopressor protein the resultin molecule is classified as an: | active repressor complex
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| A protein not encoded by the lac operon system: | lac O
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| The lac operon si a ______ system involved in the _______ of lactose | inducible and catabolism of lactose
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| Specific biochemical pathway in a fungal cell, when end product of pathway present in ample amounts cells expression of this pathway repressed. This is known as: | Feedback inhibition
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| Mutation most harmful to a cell: | Missense mutation
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| Mutation that converts coding triplet to a stop codon: | Nonsense mutation
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| Mutation deletion of 2 nucleotides: | frame shit deletion
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| Auxotroph: | mutation that changes itsd phenotpye
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| Mutation that causes lac operon to funtion incorrectly: | Regulatory mutation
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| Ames test used: | Determine chemical causes mutation
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| Gram- bacteria can transmit genes to Gram+ bacteria and vice-versa? | True
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| Standard bacterial conjugation: | complete DNA sequence of donor cell transfered to recepient cell
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| When bacterial gen transfer via transduction: | Donor cell has a pilus
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| Fredrick Griffith famous experiment demonstrated which form of bacterial gene transfer? | Transformation
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| What is meant when a bacterium is competent: | Has special transport proteins in cell membrane allow entry of DNA molecules
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| A non-specific disenfecting agent: | biocide
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| Hand washing removes what organisms: | transient
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| Helicobacter pylori can tolderate what environment: | Acidic
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| Penicillin works by: | Inhibiting growth of cell wall
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| Test to check concentration of ABT that will impede bacteria growth: | Therapeutic index
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| Microbes release endotoxins when: | damaged or lysed
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| classified as a sequeale: | heart damage R/T strep throat
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| When iron binding protein help protect body against infection? | Sequester iron so microbes can't use for nutrition
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| classical pathway compliment system binds to C1 to bacterial bound antibodies then: | c4, c2, c3, c5
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| Deficient C3 experience affect complement system: | Classican or alternate pathway cannot function properly
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| PMN's live 1-5 days? | True
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| When histamines not release in adequate amounts what not functioning correctly? | Basophils
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| Lymphocytes most fundamental of acquired immunity due to: | Ability to recognize antigens familiar to the body
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| Antibody allergic reaction | IgE
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| S.pyogens lack: | Outer membrane
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| Patient with s/s of rheumatic fever need to inquire if pt. recently suffered from: | Strep throat
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| Pt. difficulty breathing lab culture shows up Gram+ cocci sensitive to optochin most likely suffering from: | Streptocci pneumonia
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| Most pathogenic fungi, 25% of deaths due to: | Cryptococcus
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| Lab finding fungal infection r/t Cryptococcus in a patient: | Encapsulated yeast produce urease in blood or CSF
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| Fungus exhibits thermal dimorphism means: | Exist in 2 morph forms each at different emp ranges
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| pt. admitted to hospital suspected fungal pneumonia. found fungal balls in lungs and fungal infection in ears, most likely infected with: | Aspergillus fumigatus
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| Pulmonary system diseases most associated with: | Phycomycetes species
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| Pneumocystis carini was classified as a progozoan not classified as a | Fungus
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| Typhoid fever systoms | bloody diarrhe3a, kidney failure and coma
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| Diarrhea: Infantile, travelers, cystitis and bacterium: | Escherichia coli
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| Food poisioning common cause: | Enterotoxins secreted by Staphylococcus
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| HepB virus differes from othe hepatitis: | DNA virus others are a RNA virus
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| Coxsackie virus causes gastroenteritis and | Aseptic meningitis
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| Echovirus do not contain: | DNA
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| Echovirus can cause: Gastroenteritis and | Resp. infections
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| Blantidiasis diseases are due to: | Ciliates
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| Helminths include: | Flatworm and roundworms
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| Trichinosis cysts attach to intestines and: | diaphram and brain
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| s/s of male gonorrhea | Inflammation of urethra, dysuria and inflammatory response
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| Silver nitrate drops in Newborns eyes: | Protect against Neisserial conjunctivitis
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| s/s 1st stage of syphyllis: | painless ulcer in genital area
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| General paresis caused by long term infection of: | Treponema pallidum
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| Most often diagnoses STD in the U.S. | chlamydia
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| Treatment for Trachoma | Tetracycline
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| Protozoans causes trichomoniasis: | Trichomonas vaginalis
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| Identify protozoan that causes triachmoniasis: | Undulating membrane
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| Helpful in the orevention of spread of anthrax | vaccinate and treat cattle
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| E faecalis commonly ent the body through: | penetration of intestional tract
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| c. perfringens cause: | Gas gangrene
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| Skin diesase caused by fungi: | Mycoses
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| HIgh risk of ______ if sharing hair brush: | infection by dermatophytes
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| Candida in the lab look for: | See if it ferments carbohydrates
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| Rose thron disease: | Sporotrichosis
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| Yersinia pestis transmitte4d to humans: | Flease
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| Epidemic typhus passed person to person by: | Deer flies
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| Lyme disease: | Borrelia burgdorteri
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| Typhus fever transmitted by lice | Rickettsia prowazekii
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| Q fever transmitted by insects or fluids | C. burnetii
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| arboviruses spread by: | Mosquito bites
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| Epstein Barr virus effect on infected individual B lymphocytes | Causes cytoplasm to grown in the B lymphocytes
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| Malaria sporozites become merozoites in the: | liver
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| Merozites invade destruction by immune system by: | Change gene expression
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| Testes flies transmit | Trypanosoma brucei
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| s/s of trypanosoma brucei | change in sleep, fever, lalase, wasting
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| Triatomid bugs take blood meal from: | face and lips
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| Spread to humans by domestic cats: | Toxoplasmosis
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| Retrovirus defined by: | Presence of reverse transcriptase
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| gp160 do after attaches to T cells? | penetrates cell, uncoats self and releases viral RNA
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| Can be added to ceral quickly and inexpensively for vitamins: | riboflavin and cyanocobalamine
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| Shallow part of ocean | littoral zone
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| Deepest part of ocean with stange animal life called: | abysal zone
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| Microbes in soil function as: | recycling center for organic material in the soil
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| necessary to convert gaseous nitrogen into nitrates through nitrogen fixation? | Plants and animals use nitrates without nitrogen fixastion all nitrogen would be in unusable gaseous form
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| Proteins and amino acids that make up nitrogen are broken down into neuclotides process known as: | ammonification
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| Germ theory of disease | Koch
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| Bacterial motility by: | flagellum
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| Bacteria that grows in absence of oxygen | obligate anarobe
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| What gives bacterial cell wall its ridgidity | peptodoglycan
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| Feeding form of Giardia lambia: | Tropozite
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| Bacterial process of recombination of uptake of free DNA | Transformation
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| Causes food illnesses | Staphylococcus aureus
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| Causes GAS gangrene | Clostridium perfringes
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| first to utilize aseptic technique in hospital | Lister
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| Organism grows at 37 C | Mesophile
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| Can fix nitrogen: | Cyanobacter
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| Does NOT occur in infection cycle of viruses | Transformation
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| When bacterophage becomes lysogenic it: | integrates its DNA does not immediately replicate
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| Cellulose degraded by: | Cytophaga
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| Virus that is latent in nerves of the head: | Herpes SimplexI
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| During transcription: | DNA template used to form molecule of mRMA
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| Eukaryote transcription look at: | the nucleus
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| Why are operons valuable to bacterial cells: | Operons ensure cells products produced at same time in correct amounts
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| Prokaryotes translation begins when: | 30sbinds near molecule of mRNA
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| To alter rate of mRNA produced during experiment you need to: | add RNA polymerase
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| Two major components of ribosomes | rRNA and protein
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| Fredrick Griffith responsible for: | discovering "transforming principle"
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| Oswald Avery determin that DNA served as genetic substance within cells: | transformation did not occur when cells treated wtih DNase
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| DNA proofreading: | DNA polymease checks to see if nucleotides correct if not, removes and tries again.
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| Prokaryotes gene expression seen at level: | Transcription
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| Lac operon is a _____ system involved in _____ of lactose | inducible catabolism
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| Mutation harmful to a cell: | Missence mutation
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| Converts coding triplet into a stop codon | Nonsence mutation
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| deletes 2 nucleotides | frame shift mutation
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| cell carries mutation chnges its phenotype | auxotroph
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| Gram+ bacteria may produce: | exotoxins
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| Gram- bacteria may produce: | endotoxins,
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| Eukaryotes include: | fungus, algae and protozoa
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| Select media for AFB culture: | Lowenstein- Jensen or Middlebrook
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| Select media for anarobi culture: | PRAS and LKV
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| Gram- bacterial assoc with endocarditis | HACEK
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| how to classify mycobacteria by growth rate: | Runyon
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| AFB also know as fisherman wound | M. marium
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| Select media for s. pneumoniae | Pkisk or Optochin
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| Bacteria from uncooked poultry | c. jejuni
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| Select media for c. diptheria (throat swab) | Elek testing
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| Organism from wounds while salt water fishing | Vibrio
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| Select media for Cryptococcus: | india ink prep
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| Special media for cultivation of B. anthracis is: | PLET
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| vector lice, Rickettesia prowazekii Gram- coccobacilli | Typhus fever
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| vector mice, rats and fleas, yersinia pestis | Plague
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| vector insects, Gram- coccobacilli C. burnetii | Q. Fever
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| vector tick da, rickettsia ricketsii | Rocky mtn. spotted fever
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| vector tick bite burrelia burgdorteri | Lyme Disease
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| Describe tRNA | tRNA 2 binding sites: amino acid and specific codon
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| Bacteria in Salt Lake Region: | Halophiles
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| Most microbes responsisble for human disease: | mesophiles
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| Uses light as energy source: | Phototrophic
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| Grows supplies with water and oxygen. no need for additional supplements: | autotroph
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| When does bacteria come to end of log phase: | when nutrients available are limited
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| Catabolic reaction: | treat with protease protein disassociates into amino acids
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| DNA template used to form mRNA | transcription
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| to view transcription in eukaryotic cell focus on: | nucleus
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| Prokaryotes translation begins when: | 30s binds near mRNA
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| translation concludes: | ribosome reaches stop codon on mRNA
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| Prokaryotes gene expression seen at level: | transcription
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| Mutation potentially harmful to a cell: | Missense Mutation
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| Bacterial transduction possible: | up-take of free DNA by recipient cell
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| Prokaryotic cells are: | haploid cells
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| Eukaryotes cells are: | diploid cells
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| gene: | DNA coding for single protein
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| Genome: | collection of all genes in a cell
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| DNA synthesis begins: | at origin of replication
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| DNA proofreading: | by DNA polymerse
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| Conjungation: | transfer sex pilus form bridge between two bacteria
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| Treansformation: | gene transfer transports naked DNA through cell membran
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| Transduction: | mediated by a bacteriophage
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| Bactericides | kill bacteria
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| fungicides: | kill fungi
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| virocides: | kills viruses
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| biocides: | non specific
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| bacteriostatic | do not kill they inhibit
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| bactericidal | kill bacteria
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| Why Prokaryote less ridgid than EukaryotesL | lack sterols
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| Tetracycline | 70s ribosomes
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| Tes used to determine the MIC | Kirby-Bauer test
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| Prokaryotes | have cell walls
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| Gram+ | cell walls many layers of peptidoglycan
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| Gram- | cell walls do not contain teichoic acids
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| Mycoplasm | smallest bacterium outside living host
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| Archea | always lack peptidoglycan
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| hypotonic | water moves into cell
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| hypertonic | water moves out of cell
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| Most bacteria live in: | hypertonic solution
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| can be killed by ABT | prokaryote cells
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| Eukaryotes: | algae, protozoa, fungi, plants and animals
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| Cytsol | fluid portion of cytoplasm
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| cisterns | flattened membrane sacs of Endoplasmic Reticulum
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| ER | Synthesizes phospholipids fats and sterols
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| Golgi comples: | function to package susbtances in vesicles for transport
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| Mitochondia | organelles that can rproduce mor or less on their own
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| Bacteria transformation | Genes transfered from one gene to another as "naked" DNA
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| competence: | alterations in cell wall make it permable to large DNA molecules
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| conjungation | requires cell to cell contact
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| F factor | Fertility factor plasmid in donor cell in conjugation
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| Transduction | via DNA bacteriophage from donor to recipients via a virus that infect the bacteriophage
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| Transcription requires: | RNA polymerase
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| Affects the skin rare can cause pneumonia and bone infections | Staphyloccal aureus
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| Staphyloccal auresus ______ helps evade the immune system | Protein A, prevents development of acquired immunity
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| Anthrax | Bacillus anthraces
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| Leprosy | Mycobacterium leprae
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| Gas gangrene | c. perfringens
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| Persorated intestine | Enterococcus faecalis
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| Smallpox s/s | flat red spots turn into blisters and pustules lesions painful and leave scars
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| Warts | papilloma virus
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| herpes virus | envelped DNA virus replicate in the nucleus
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| HSV - 1 | causes oral lesions recurrent cold sores, latent in neuron
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| HSV -2 | affects the genitals
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| Herpes 6 | Roseola rash, CNS seizures, parents transmit to children
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| Herpes 7 | 70% of children by age 8. affects t cells
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| herpes 8 | Karposi sarcoma brown lesions on skin
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| Sporotrichosis | Rose thron disease
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| Helminths include: | flatworms and roundworms
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| helminth under microscope as male and female reproductive organs: | flatworm
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| long slender moves by whipping themselves back and forth: | roundworm trichuris trichiura
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| Epstein-Barr virus on B lympocytes | growth of cytoplasm of B lympocytes
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| Lice transmit: | Trench fever, epidemic typhus and relapsing fever
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| Lease Yersinia pestis transmit: | Plague
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| Codons are: | triplet or three ribonucleotides n a row
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| Bacteria that lost ability to grow on specific sugars: | auxotrophs
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| carbon from organic compound | heterotroph
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| Diatoms | decontaminate water supplies
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| When bacteria becomes losogenic it: | integrate
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| Protista kingdom | Algae, protozoa and slime molds
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| Microorganism that multiplies by budding: | Candida albicans
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| Staphylococci and be differeniated from Streptococci by: | Catalase test
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| Gram stain of sputum showed many gram positive diplocci. organism most likely: | Diploccus pneumoniae
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| Organism that causes syphilis: | Treponema pallidum
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| Rocky mountain spotted fever caused by: | rickettsia
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| tine tes is for: | tuberculosis
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| equivalent of 0.04g is: | 40mg
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| indicates fecal contamination: | Escherichis coli
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| synonym vor vaccinia: | cowpox
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| acid fast stain is generally associated with the diagnosis of: | tuberculosis
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| in acid fast stain the bacteria are stained: | red
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| Neisseria gonorrhea described morphologically as: | diplococcus
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| cholera is an example of ____ disease | intestinal
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| disease usually caused by wound infection | tetanus
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| disease ususaly transmitted from animanl to man is: | rabies
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| Staphylococcus aureus causes: | food associated illneses
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| Clostridium perfringens causes: | Gas gangrene
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| Organism grows well at 37 c | mesophile
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| can fix nitrogen: | cyanobacter
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| does NOT occur in infection cycle of all viruses: | transformation
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| B-lactamases makes bacteria resistant to PCN by: | enzymatically degrading the drug
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| Long lived cell: | macrophage
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| Severe congenital disease caused by: | rubella
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| Red rash head and trunk moves out to extremities last aprox 7 days. | Measles
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| Cellulose degraded by: | cytophaga
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| ER | fold snd transport: synthesizes phosopholipids, fats and sterols
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| Cryptococcus select media: | India ink prep
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| b. antracis select media: | PLET
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| anarobic culture select media: | PRAS and LKV
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| Flurogvinolone inhibits: | DNA synthesis
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| Viroid: | naked infectious piece of RNA
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| Helminth | Multicellular organism, has a mouth lives in animal host
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| Bacteria on the outside of a protozoan do what: | propel it
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| Trachoma | greatest cause of blindness
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| HAECK | Granm- bacteria assoc with endocarditis
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| Prokaryotic cells are: | haploid
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| Antibodies can fix complement: | IgM and IgG
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| Transcription: | DNA copied to RNA
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| used to identify bacteria carrying specific gene: | Southern blot test
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| Patient with an inherited type of colon cancer..mutation gene codes for: | apoptosis
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| Mycoplasma | produces small "fried-egg" colonies on medium containing horse serum
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| Primary infection called: | Initial infection
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| Halophiles | Spoil freshwater trout preserved with salt
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| 3rd step in Direct ELISA test: | Antihuman immune serum
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| Characteristics for pseudomonas are: | GNB non-fermenter, and osidase positive
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| Transport medium for most intestinal bacterial pathogens: | Cary-Blair
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| s. pneumoniae | P.disk or optochin has large zone: GPC is:
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| "chinese letters" | Elek testing for toxigenicity
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| On basis of optimum growth temperatures, pathogenic bacteria are generally classified: | mesophiles
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| Bacteria that do not have flagella are called: | atrichous
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| Spherical organisms appearing in grapelike clusters are characteristic of the: | staphylococci
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|
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| Generally considered to be caused by aerobic, spore-forming bacilli is: | anthrax
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| The fertile hen's egg is generally used as a medium for the cultivation of: | viruses
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|
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| The brewer method is used in culturing: | anaerobes
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|
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| Most pathogenic bacteria generally grow best in media that are | slightly alkaline
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|
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| dark field method widely used in examionation of: | spirochetes
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|
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| Dick test used for: | scarlet fever
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|
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| oxidase test generally used in identification of: | gonococci
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| Ziehl-Neelsen method used in staining bacteria for: | acid-fastness
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|
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| microtome used in laboratory to: | section tissues
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|
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| Wasserman test used in diagnosis of syphilis is a: | complement fixation reaction
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|
||||
| In gram stain acetone alcohol mixture used as a: | decolorizing agent
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|
||||
| using low power objective instead of other in compound microscope: | larger field obtained
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|
||||
| average size of a single staphylococcus is: | 1 micron
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|
||||
| Amebiasis caused by: | protozoa
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|
||||
| athletes foot caused by: | fungus
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|
||||
| Brucellosis | rickettsia
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|
||||
| Bubonic plague | rickettsia
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|
||||
| Dengue | virus
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|
||||
| Diptheria | rickettsia
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|
||||
| Malaria | protozoq
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|
||||
| measles | virus
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|
||||
| Q fever | bacterium
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|
||||
| Smallpox | virus
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|
||||
| Typhus fever | bacterium
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|
||||
| Yellow fever | virus
🗑
|
||||
| BCG vaccine used to produce immunity against: | tuberculosis
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|
||||
| immunity in individuals who have recovered from measles: | naturally acquired active
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|
||||
| important characteristic of exotoxins is their: | specific toxic effect
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|
||||
| Breed method generally used in: | milk bacteriology
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|
||||
| Kauffman-White scheme used in classification of: | salmonella
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|
||||
| Schick test used to determine susceptibility to: | diptheria
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|
||||
| negative result in the complement fixation test is indicated when ther is_______ hemolysis: | complete
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|
||||
| Treponema described as: | spiral forms
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|
||||
| Neisseria gonorrheae described as: | diplococcus
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|
||||
| organism having a single flagellum at one pole is: | monotrichous
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|
||||
| cholera is an example of ______ disease | intestinal
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|
||||
| penicillin obtained from: | fungi
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|
||||
| chloromycetin obtained from: | actinomycetes
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|
||||
| Vibrio comma described as: | curved rod
🗑
|
||||
| Most pathogenic bacteria are: | facultative anaerobes
🗑
|
||||
| Multiplication of bacteria is usually by: | binary fission
🗑
|
||||
| Most microorganisms grow best at a ph of: | 7.5
🗑
|
||||
| acid fast stain generally assoc with diagnosis of: | tuberculosis
🗑
|
||||
| gram positive bacteria are stained: | violet
🗑
|
||||
| acid fast staining, acid fast bacteria are stained: | red
🗑
|
||||
| Most pathogenic bacteria are: | facultative anaerobes
🗑
|
||||
| a micron is equal to: | 1/25,000 of an inch
🗑
|
||||
| Circle shape bacteria are known as: | cocci
🗑
|
||||
| CHIEF use of the darkfield microscope is diagnosis of: | syphilis
🗑
|
||||
| Acid fast bacilli are difficult to stain because of: | wax like covering
🗑
|
||||
| term mycotic most nearly means: | fungal
🗑
|
||||
| Methylene blue commonly used of smears for: | diptheria bacilli
🗑
|
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