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Misc. Microbiology
Microbiology final review questions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Q-Fever animal host? | Rats and Mice |
| Death rate of mothers in delivery room decreased due to? | Semmelweis convinced Doctors to treat hands antiseptically |
| Koch postulates established? | Specific micro-organism may be the cause of a disease under study. |
| Microbiology the sudy of: | Prions, viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites |
| Smallest size visible using a light Microscope | 0.2 microns |
| Electron Microscope allows to see viruses that are? | 0.03-0.3 microns |
| Electron Microscope resolves to smallest possible micron: | TEM |
| Macromolecules take the form of: | proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids and lipids |
| polymeric molecules have: | many copies of a few chemical subunits |
| Cell wall of bacterium made up of a substance called peptodoglycan which: | Multi-layer cross-linked structure of carbohydrates held together by peptide linkages |
| Bacterium with a corkscrew coming out of it called: | flagellum |
| Function of fimbriae is to: | attach to host cells |
| Gram+ and Gram- differ in term of: | Number of cell envelope layers |
| Function of the Golgi apparatus: | Package materials |
| Function of Endoplasmic Reticulum | Fold and transport proteins |
| When does a cell rely on endocytosis: | Encounter a large molecule it can use as energy source. |
| Phagocyotic cells secrete enzymes that begin to breakdown materials? | False |
| Soon as pseudopodium of phagocytic cell surrounds target it begins to digest the target? | Truce |
| Lysosomes are: digestive organelles filled with biochemicals and enzymes? | Truce |
| Flagessa and Cilia used for motility both made of what macromolecule? | Carbohydrate |
| Symbiotic fungi obtain nutrients from where? | Other organisms and do not cause organism harm |
| Heterotrophic organisms are those that? | Use organic carbon from other organisms |
| Fuzzy mass of hyphae is called: | Mycelium |
| How do yeast differ from molds? | Yeast single cell, molds multi cellular |
| Hyaphe associated with what types of fungus? | Molds |
| Cell walls of most fungi made of_____ which can be classified as_____ | chitin, polysaccharide |
| Prostista Kingdom includes: | Algae, protozoa and Slime Molds |
| Algae cell walls are made of: | Cellulose |
| Flagellated protozoa are immobile: | False |
| Difference between slime molds and water molds? | Water molds have flagellated reproductive cells. |
| Lice can transmit? | Trench fever, epidemic typhus and relapsing fever. |
| Yerisinia pestis causes: | Plague |
| Dermacentor andersoni transmits? | Rickettsia rickettsii which causes Rocky Mtn Spotted fever. |
| Viruses lack: | Cellular organelles |
| Viruses contain: | Nucleic acid wrapped in protein coat. |
| Viral infection cycle starts and end? | Attachment and release. |
| Naked virus release from a cell by: | Cell lysis |
| Lytic virus called a: | lysogen |
| After carbon most element in microbes: | Oxygen |
| Bacteria that does not need additional supplements? | Autotroph |
| Bacteria found in Great Salt Lake area: | Halophiles |
| Diffusion driven by process: | Browian motion |
| Microbes responsible for most human disease: | Mesophiles |
| Grows in high salt concentration: | Staphylococcus and Streptococcus |
| Test for diptheria: | Schick test |
| Prokaryote gene expression seen at what level? | Transcription |
| When repressor protein binds to operator site within inducible system? | Transcription ceases, RNA polymease unable to bind to Promoter site. |
| Genes normally turned on but can be turned off when advantageous to the cell called: | Repressible |
| When levels of tryptophan are high: | The aopressor produced by the trp operon will be activated. |
| When molecule of trypotophan binds with corresponding aopressor protein the resultin molecule is classified as an: | active repressor complex |
| A protein not encoded by the lac operon system: | lac O |
| The lac operon si a ______ system involved in the _______ of lactose | inducible and catabolism of lactose |
| Specific biochemical pathway in a fungal cell, when end product of pathway present in ample amounts cells expression of this pathway repressed. This is known as: | Feedback inhibition |
| Mutation most harmful to a cell: | Missense mutation |
| Mutation that converts coding triplet to a stop codon: | Nonsense mutation |
| Mutation deletion of 2 nucleotides: | frame shit deletion |
| Auxotroph: | mutation that changes itsd phenotpye |
| Mutation that causes lac operon to funtion incorrectly: | Regulatory mutation |
| Ames test used: | Determine chemical causes mutation |
| Gram- bacteria can transmit genes to Gram+ bacteria and vice-versa? | True |
| Standard bacterial conjugation: | complete DNA sequence of donor cell transfered to recepient cell |
| When bacterial gen transfer via transduction: | Donor cell has a pilus |
| Fredrick Griffith famous experiment demonstrated which form of bacterial gene transfer? | Transformation |
| What is meant when a bacterium is competent: | Has special transport proteins in cell membrane allow entry of DNA molecules |
| A non-specific disenfecting agent: | biocide |
| Hand washing removes what organisms: | transient |
| Helicobacter pylori can tolderate what environment: | Acidic |
| Penicillin works by: | Inhibiting growth of cell wall |
| Test to check concentration of ABT that will impede bacteria growth: | Therapeutic index |
| Microbes release endotoxins when: | damaged or lysed |
| classified as a sequeale: | heart damage R/T strep throat |
| When iron binding protein help protect body against infection? | Sequester iron so microbes can't use for nutrition |
| classical pathway compliment system binds to C1 to bacterial bound antibodies then: | c4, c2, c3, c5 |
| Deficient C3 experience affect complement system: | Classican or alternate pathway cannot function properly |
| PMN's live 1-5 days? | True |
| When histamines not release in adequate amounts what not functioning correctly? | Basophils |
| Lymphocytes most fundamental of acquired immunity due to: | Ability to recognize antigens familiar to the body |
| Antibody allergic reaction | IgE |
| S.pyogens lack: | Outer membrane |
| Patient with s/s of rheumatic fever need to inquire if pt. recently suffered from: | Strep throat |
| Pt. difficulty breathing lab culture shows up Gram+ cocci sensitive to optochin most likely suffering from: | Streptocci pneumonia |
| Most pathogenic fungi, 25% of deaths due to: | Cryptococcus |
| Lab finding fungal infection r/t Cryptococcus in a patient: | Encapsulated yeast produce urease in blood or CSF |
| Fungus exhibits thermal dimorphism means: | Exist in 2 morph forms each at different emp ranges |
| pt. admitted to hospital suspected fungal pneumonia. found fungal balls in lungs and fungal infection in ears, most likely infected with: | Aspergillus fumigatus |
| Pulmonary system diseases most associated with: | Phycomycetes species |
| Pneumocystis carini was classified as a progozoan not classified as a | Fungus |
| Typhoid fever systoms | bloody diarrhe3a, kidney failure and coma |
| Diarrhea: Infantile, travelers, cystitis and bacterium: | Escherichia coli |
| Food poisioning common cause: | Enterotoxins secreted by Staphylococcus |
| HepB virus differes from othe hepatitis: | DNA virus others are a RNA virus |
| Coxsackie virus causes gastroenteritis and | Aseptic meningitis |
| Echovirus do not contain: | DNA |
| Echovirus can cause: Gastroenteritis and | Resp. infections |
| Blantidiasis diseases are due to: | Ciliates |
| Helminths include: | Flatworm and roundworms |
| Trichinosis cysts attach to intestines and: | diaphram and brain |
| s/s of male gonorrhea | Inflammation of urethra, dysuria and inflammatory response |
| Silver nitrate drops in Newborns eyes: | Protect against Neisserial conjunctivitis |
| s/s 1st stage of syphyllis: | painless ulcer in genital area |
| General paresis caused by long term infection of: | Treponema pallidum |
| Most often diagnoses STD in the U.S. | chlamydia |
| Treatment for Trachoma | Tetracycline |
| Protozoans causes trichomoniasis: | Trichomonas vaginalis |
| Identify protozoan that causes triachmoniasis: | Undulating membrane |
| Helpful in the orevention of spread of anthrax | vaccinate and treat cattle |
| E faecalis commonly ent the body through: | penetration of intestional tract |
| c. perfringens cause: | Gas gangrene |
| Skin diesase caused by fungi: | Mycoses |
| HIgh risk of ______ if sharing hair brush: | infection by dermatophytes |
| Candida in the lab look for: | See if it ferments carbohydrates |
| Rose thron disease: | Sporotrichosis |
| Yersinia pestis transmitte4d to humans: | Flease |
| Epidemic typhus passed person to person by: | Deer flies |
| Lyme disease: | Borrelia burgdorteri |
| Typhus fever transmitted by lice | Rickettsia prowazekii |
| Q fever transmitted by insects or fluids | C. burnetii |
| arboviruses spread by: | Mosquito bites |
| Epstein Barr virus effect on infected individual B lymphocytes | Causes cytoplasm to grown in the B lymphocytes |
| Malaria sporozites become merozoites in the: | liver |
| Merozites invade destruction by immune system by: | Change gene expression |
| Testes flies transmit | Trypanosoma brucei |
| s/s of trypanosoma brucei | change in sleep, fever, lalase, wasting |
| Triatomid bugs take blood meal from: | face and lips |
| Spread to humans by domestic cats: | Toxoplasmosis |
| Retrovirus defined by: | Presence of reverse transcriptase |
| gp160 do after attaches to T cells? | penetrates cell, uncoats self and releases viral RNA |
| Can be added to ceral quickly and inexpensively for vitamins: | riboflavin and cyanocobalamine |
| Shallow part of ocean | littoral zone |
| Deepest part of ocean with stange animal life called: | abysal zone |
| Microbes in soil function as: | recycling center for organic material in the soil |
| necessary to convert gaseous nitrogen into nitrates through nitrogen fixation? | Plants and animals use nitrates without nitrogen fixastion all nitrogen would be in unusable gaseous form |
| Proteins and amino acids that make up nitrogen are broken down into neuclotides process known as: | ammonification |
| Germ theory of disease | Koch |
| Bacterial motility by: | flagellum |
| Bacteria that grows in absence of oxygen | obligate anarobe |
| What gives bacterial cell wall its ridgidity | peptodoglycan |
| Feeding form of Giardia lambia: | Tropozite |
| Bacterial process of recombination of uptake of free DNA | Transformation |
| Causes food illnesses | Staphylococcus aureus |
| Causes GAS gangrene | Clostridium perfringes |
| first to utilize aseptic technique in hospital | Lister |
| Organism grows at 37 C | Mesophile |
| Can fix nitrogen: | Cyanobacter |
| Does NOT occur in infection cycle of viruses | Transformation |
| When bacterophage becomes lysogenic it: | integrates its DNA does not immediately replicate |
| Cellulose degraded by: | Cytophaga |
| Virus that is latent in nerves of the head: | Herpes SimplexI |
| During transcription: | DNA template used to form molecule of mRMA |
| Eukaryote transcription look at: | the nucleus |
| Why are operons valuable to bacterial cells: | Operons ensure cells products produced at same time in correct amounts |
| Prokaryotes translation begins when: | 30sbinds near molecule of mRNA |
| To alter rate of mRNA produced during experiment you need to: | add RNA polymerase |
| Two major components of ribosomes | rRNA and protein |
| Fredrick Griffith responsible for: | discovering "transforming principle" |
| Oswald Avery determin that DNA served as genetic substance within cells: | transformation did not occur when cells treated wtih DNase |
| DNA proofreading: | DNA polymease checks to see if nucleotides correct if not, removes and tries again. |
| Prokaryotes gene expression seen at level: | Transcription |
| Lac operon is a _____ system involved in _____ of lactose | inducible catabolism |
| Mutation harmful to a cell: | Missence mutation |
| Converts coding triplet into a stop codon | Nonsence mutation |
| deletes 2 nucleotides | frame shift mutation |
| cell carries mutation chnges its phenotype | auxotroph |
| Gram+ bacteria may produce: | exotoxins |
| Gram- bacteria may produce: | endotoxins, |
| Eukaryotes include: | fungus, algae and protozoa |
| Select media for AFB culture: | Lowenstein- Jensen or Middlebrook |
| Select media for anarobi culture: | PRAS and LKV |
| Gram- bacterial assoc with endocarditis | HACEK |
| how to classify mycobacteria by growth rate: | Runyon |
| AFB also know as fisherman wound | M. marium |
| Select media for s. pneumoniae | Pkisk or Optochin |
| Bacteria from uncooked poultry | c. jejuni |
| Select media for c. diptheria (throat swab) | Elek testing |
| Organism from wounds while salt water fishing | Vibrio |
| Select media for Cryptococcus: | india ink prep |
| Special media for cultivation of B. anthracis is: | PLET |
| vector lice, Rickettesia prowazekii Gram- coccobacilli | Typhus fever |
| vector mice, rats and fleas, yersinia pestis | Plague |
| vector insects, Gram- coccobacilli C. burnetii | Q. Fever |
| vector tick da, rickettsia ricketsii | Rocky mtn. spotted fever |
| vector tick bite burrelia burgdorteri | Lyme Disease |
| Describe tRNA | tRNA 2 binding sites: amino acid and specific codon |
| Bacteria in Salt Lake Region: | Halophiles |
| Most microbes responsisble for human disease: | mesophiles |
| Uses light as energy source: | Phototrophic |
| Grows supplies with water and oxygen. no need for additional supplements: | autotroph |
| When does bacteria come to end of log phase: | when nutrients available are limited |
| Catabolic reaction: | treat with protease protein disassociates into amino acids |
| DNA template used to form mRNA | transcription |
| to view transcription in eukaryotic cell focus on: | nucleus |
| Prokaryotes translation begins when: | 30s binds near mRNA |
| translation concludes: | ribosome reaches stop codon on mRNA |
| Prokaryotes gene expression seen at level: | transcription |
| Mutation potentially harmful to a cell: | Missense Mutation |
| Bacterial transduction possible: | up-take of free DNA by recipient cell |
| Prokaryotic cells are: | haploid cells |
| Eukaryotes cells are: | diploid cells |
| gene: | DNA coding for single protein |
| Genome: | collection of all genes in a cell |
| DNA synthesis begins: | at origin of replication |
| DNA proofreading: | by DNA polymerse |
| Conjungation: | transfer sex pilus form bridge between two bacteria |
| Treansformation: | gene transfer transports naked DNA through cell membran |
| Transduction: | mediated by a bacteriophage |
| Bactericides | kill bacteria |
| fungicides: | kill fungi |
| virocides: | kills viruses |
| biocides: | non specific |
| bacteriostatic | do not kill they inhibit |
| bactericidal | kill bacteria |
| Why Prokaryote less ridgid than EukaryotesL | lack sterols |
| Tetracycline | 70s ribosomes |
| Tes used to determine the MIC | Kirby-Bauer test |
| Prokaryotes | have cell walls |
| Gram+ | cell walls many layers of peptidoglycan |
| Gram- | cell walls do not contain teichoic acids |
| Mycoplasm | smallest bacterium outside living host |
| Archea | always lack peptidoglycan |
| hypotonic | water moves into cell |
| hypertonic | water moves out of cell |
| Most bacteria live in: | hypertonic solution |
| can be killed by ABT | prokaryote cells |
| Eukaryotes: | algae, protozoa, fungi, plants and animals |
| Cytsol | fluid portion of cytoplasm |
| cisterns | flattened membrane sacs of Endoplasmic Reticulum |
| ER | Synthesizes phospholipids fats and sterols |
| Golgi comples: | function to package susbtances in vesicles for transport |
| Mitochondia | organelles that can rproduce mor or less on their own |
| Bacteria transformation | Genes transfered from one gene to another as "naked" DNA |
| competence: | alterations in cell wall make it permable to large DNA molecules |
| conjungation | requires cell to cell contact |
| F factor | Fertility factor plasmid in donor cell in conjugation |
| Transduction | via DNA bacteriophage from donor to recipients via a virus that infect the bacteriophage |
| Transcription requires: | RNA polymerase |
| Affects the skin rare can cause pneumonia and bone infections | Staphyloccal aureus |
| Staphyloccal auresus ______ helps evade the immune system | Protein A, prevents development of acquired immunity |
| Anthrax | Bacillus anthraces |
| Leprosy | Mycobacterium leprae |
| Gas gangrene | c. perfringens |
| Persorated intestine | Enterococcus faecalis |
| Smallpox s/s | flat red spots turn into blisters and pustules lesions painful and leave scars |
| Warts | papilloma virus |
| herpes virus | envelped DNA virus replicate in the nucleus |
| HSV - 1 | causes oral lesions recurrent cold sores, latent in neuron |
| HSV -2 | affects the genitals |
| Herpes 6 | Roseola rash, CNS seizures, parents transmit to children |
| Herpes 7 | 70% of children by age 8. affects t cells |
| herpes 8 | Karposi sarcoma brown lesions on skin |
| Sporotrichosis | Rose thron disease |
| Helminths include: | flatworms and roundworms |
| helminth under microscope as male and female reproductive organs: | flatworm |
| long slender moves by whipping themselves back and forth: | roundworm trichuris trichiura |
| Epstein-Barr virus on B lympocytes | growth of cytoplasm of B lympocytes |
| Lice transmit: | Trench fever, epidemic typhus and relapsing fever |
| Lease Yersinia pestis transmit: | Plague |
| Codons are: | triplet or three ribonucleotides n a row |
| Bacteria that lost ability to grow on specific sugars: | auxotrophs |
| carbon from organic compound | heterotroph |
| Diatoms | decontaminate water supplies |
| When bacteria becomes losogenic it: | integrate |
| Protista kingdom | Algae, protozoa and slime molds |
| Microorganism that multiplies by budding: | Candida albicans |
| Staphylococci and be differeniated from Streptococci by: | Catalase test |
| Gram stain of sputum showed many gram positive diplocci. organism most likely: | Diploccus pneumoniae |
| Organism that causes syphilis: | Treponema pallidum |
| Rocky mountain spotted fever caused by: | rickettsia |
| tine tes is for: | tuberculosis |
| equivalent of 0.04g is: | 40mg |
| indicates fecal contamination: | Escherichis coli |
| synonym vor vaccinia: | cowpox |
| acid fast stain is generally associated with the diagnosis of: | tuberculosis |
| in acid fast stain the bacteria are stained: | red |
| Neisseria gonorrhea described morphologically as: | diplococcus |
| cholera is an example of ____ disease | intestinal |
| disease usually caused by wound infection | tetanus |
| disease ususaly transmitted from animanl to man is: | rabies |
| Staphylococcus aureus causes: | food associated illneses |
| Clostridium perfringens causes: | Gas gangrene |
| Organism grows well at 37 c | mesophile |
| can fix nitrogen: | cyanobacter |
| does NOT occur in infection cycle of all viruses: | transformation |
| B-lactamases makes bacteria resistant to PCN by: | enzymatically degrading the drug |
| Long lived cell: | macrophage |
| Severe congenital disease caused by: | rubella |
| Red rash head and trunk moves out to extremities last aprox 7 days. | Measles |
| Cellulose degraded by: | cytophaga |
| ER | fold snd transport: synthesizes phosopholipids, fats and sterols |
| Cryptococcus select media: | India ink prep |
| b. antracis select media: | PLET |
| anarobic culture select media: | PRAS and LKV |
| Flurogvinolone inhibits: | DNA synthesis |
| Viroid: | naked infectious piece of RNA |
| Helminth | Multicellular organism, has a mouth lives in animal host |
| Bacteria on the outside of a protozoan do what: | propel it |
| Trachoma | greatest cause of blindness |
| HAECK | Granm- bacteria assoc with endocarditis |
| Prokaryotic cells are: | haploid |
| Antibodies can fix complement: | IgM and IgG |
| Transcription: | DNA copied to RNA |
| used to identify bacteria carrying specific gene: | Southern blot test |
| Patient with an inherited type of colon cancer..mutation gene codes for: | apoptosis |
| Mycoplasma | produces small "fried-egg" colonies on medium containing horse serum |
| Primary infection called: | Initial infection |
| Halophiles | Spoil freshwater trout preserved with salt |
| 3rd step in Direct ELISA test: | Antihuman immune serum |
| Characteristics for pseudomonas are: | GNB non-fermenter, and osidase positive |
| Transport medium for most intestinal bacterial pathogens: | Cary-Blair |
| s. pneumoniae | P.disk or optochin has large zone: GPC is: |
| "chinese letters" | Elek testing for toxigenicity |
| On basis of optimum growth temperatures, pathogenic bacteria are generally classified: | mesophiles |
| Bacteria that do not have flagella are called: | atrichous |
| Spherical organisms appearing in grapelike clusters are characteristic of the: | staphylococci |
| Generally considered to be caused by aerobic, spore-forming bacilli is: | anthrax |
| The fertile hen's egg is generally used as a medium for the cultivation of: | viruses |
| The brewer method is used in culturing: | anaerobes |
| Most pathogenic bacteria generally grow best in media that are | slightly alkaline |
| dark field method widely used in examionation of: | spirochetes |
| Dick test used for: | scarlet fever |
| oxidase test generally used in identification of: | gonococci |
| Ziehl-Neelsen method used in staining bacteria for: | acid-fastness |
| microtome used in laboratory to: | section tissues |
| Wasserman test used in diagnosis of syphilis is a: | complement fixation reaction |
| In gram stain acetone alcohol mixture used as a: | decolorizing agent |
| using low power objective instead of other in compound microscope: | larger field obtained |
| average size of a single staphylococcus is: | 1 micron |
| Amebiasis caused by: | protozoa |
| athletes foot caused by: | fungus |
| Brucellosis | rickettsia |
| Bubonic plague | rickettsia |
| Dengue | virus |
| Diptheria | rickettsia |
| Malaria | protozoq |
| measles | virus |
| Q fever | bacterium |
| Smallpox | virus |
| Typhus fever | bacterium |
| Yellow fever | virus |
| BCG vaccine used to produce immunity against: | tuberculosis |
| immunity in individuals who have recovered from measles: | naturally acquired active |
| important characteristic of exotoxins is their: | specific toxic effect |
| Breed method generally used in: | milk bacteriology |
| Kauffman-White scheme used in classification of: | salmonella |
| Schick test used to determine susceptibility to: | diptheria |
| negative result in the complement fixation test is indicated when ther is_______ hemolysis: | complete |
| Treponema described as: | spiral forms |
| Neisseria gonorrheae described as: | diplococcus |
| organism having a single flagellum at one pole is: | monotrichous |
| cholera is an example of ______ disease | intestinal |
| penicillin obtained from: | fungi |
| chloromycetin obtained from: | actinomycetes |
| Vibrio comma described as: | curved rod |
| Most pathogenic bacteria are: | facultative anaerobes |
| Multiplication of bacteria is usually by: | binary fission |
| Most microorganisms grow best at a ph of: | 7.5 |
| acid fast stain generally assoc with diagnosis of: | tuberculosis |
| gram positive bacteria are stained: | violet |
| acid fast staining, acid fast bacteria are stained: | red |
| Most pathogenic bacteria are: | facultative anaerobes |
| a micron is equal to: | 1/25,000 of an inch |
| Circle shape bacteria are known as: | cocci |
| CHIEF use of the darkfield microscope is diagnosis of: | syphilis |
| Acid fast bacilli are difficult to stain because of: | wax like covering |
| term mycotic most nearly means: | fungal |
| Methylene blue commonly used of smears for: | diptheria bacilli |
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BJHughes707
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