flash cards of med terms
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| Open reduction | consists of realigning the bone under direct observation during surgery
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| closed reduction | consists of aligning the bone fragments though manual manipulation or traction without making an incision into the skin
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| pathological fracture | when a bone, which is weakened by a preexisting disease, breaks in response to a force that would not cause a normal bone to break
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| fracture | a broken bone
a sudden breaking of a bone
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| hairline fracture "stress fracture" | minor fracture in which the bones continues to be a perfect alignment
appears on an x-ray as a very thin "hair line" between the two segments.
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| Colles' Fracture | occurs at the lower end of the radius within 1 inch of the connecting with the wrist bones
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| Impacted Fracture | occurs when a direct force causes the bone to break forcing the broken end of the smaller bone into the broken end of the larger bone
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| compression fracture | caused by bone surfaces being forced against each other, as in the compression of one vertebra against another
compression fractures are often associated with osteoporosis
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| open fracture | known as a compound fracture
there is a break in a bone as well as an open wound in the skin
break that extends though the entire thickness of the bone
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| closed fracture | known as a simple fracture
there is a break in a bone but no open wound in the skin
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| scoliosis | an abnormal lateral (sideward) curvature of a portion of the spine
the curvature may be to the left or to the right
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| lordosis | an abnormal inward curvature of a portion of the spine commonly known as swayback
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| kyphosis | an abnormal outward curvature of a portion of the spine
commonly known as humpback or hunchback
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| spinal stenosis | a narrowing of the vertebral canal, nerve root canals or intervertebral foramini (openings) of the lumbar spinal canal
the narrowing causes pressure on the nerve roots prior to their exit from the foramini
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| osteomyelitis | local or generalized infection of te bone and bone marrow resulting from a bacterial infection that has spread to the bone tissue though the blood
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| osteomalacia | disease in which the bones become abnormally soft due to a deficiency of calcium and phosphorus in the blood
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| osteoporosis | porous bones
bones that were once strong become fragile due to loss of bone density
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| tubercle | a small rounded process of a bone
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| true ribs | the first seven of ribs which connect to the vertebrae in the back and to the sternum in the front
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| trochanter | large bony process located below the neck of the femur
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| sutures | immovable joints
such as those of cranium
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| sulcus | a groove or depression in a bone
a fissure
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| sinus | an opening or hollow space in a bone, a cavity within a bone
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| short bones | bones that are about as long as they are wide and somewhat box shaped such as the wrist bone
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| periosteum | the thick white fibrous membrane that covers the surface of a long bone
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| osteocytes | mature bone cells
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| osteoblasts | immature bone cell that actively produce bony tissue
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| ossification | the conversion of cartilage and fibrous connective tissue to bone
the formation of bone
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| long bones | bones that are longer than they are wide and with distinctive shaped ends, such as the femur
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| intervertebral disc | a flat circular platelike structure of cartilage that serves as a cushion between the vertebrae
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| intercostal spaces | spaces between the ribs
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| hematopoiesis | the normal formation and development of blood cells in the bone marrow
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| foramen | hole in a bone though which blood vessels or nerves pass
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| fontanelle or fontanel | space between the bones of an infants cranium "soft spot"
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| floating ribs | rib pairs 11 and 12 which connect to the vertebrae in the back but free of any attachment in the front
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| flat bones | bones that are broad and thin with flat or curved surfaces, such as the sternum
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| false ribs | rib pairs 8-10 which connect to the vertebrae in the back but not to the sternum in the front because tehy join the seventh rib in the front
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| epiphysis | the end of a bone
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| epiphyseal line | a layer of cartilage that separates the diaphysis from the epiphysis of a bone also known as the epiphyseal plate
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| diaphysis | main shaftlike portion of a bone
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| condyle | knucklelike projection at the end of a bone
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| phalanges | the bones of the toes
each toe has 3 phalangeal bones except the great toe which only has 2
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| metatarsals | the bones of the foot
the heads of metatarsal bones form the ball of the foot
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| tarsals | the bone of the ankle
there are 7 tarsal bones
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| tibia | the largest and strongest of the two lower leg bones
called the shin bone
located on the great toe side of the lower leg
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| fibula | more slender of the two lower leg bones
lateral to the tibia, smaller of the two bones
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| xiphoid process | the lower portion of the sternum
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| mandibular bone | lower jaw bone
largest strongest bone of the face
only movable bone of the skull
tmj
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| lacrimal bones | two bones, paper thin and shaped somewhat like a fingernail
located at the inner corner of each eye
forming the sidewall of the nasal cavity adn the middle wall of the eye
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| occipital bone | forms the back of the head and the base of the skull
contains foramen magnum though which the spinal cord passes
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| frontal bone | forms the forehead (front of the skull) and the upper part of the bony cavities that contain the eyeballs, contains the sinuses
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| tendons | connective tissue which binds muscle to bone
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| synovial joints | freely moving joints
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| smooth muscles | muscles found in visceral organs and blood vessels
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| skeletal muscles | a.k.a voluntary or straited muscles which attach to bone
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| ligaments | connective tissue which binds bone to bone
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| articulation | a joint which binds two bones together
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| acromion | highest part of the shoulder where the clavicles and scapula meet
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| acetabulum | a socket in the pelvic bone where the thigh bone joins the pelvis
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| tibia | the largest and stronger of the two lower leg bones also called shin bone
located on the great toe side of the lower leg
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| patella | knee bone or kneecap
largest sesamoid bone in the body
located in the tendon of the large anterior thigh muscle
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| femur | thigh bone
longest heaviest and strongest bone in the body
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| ischium | lowest part of the hip bones and is the strongest of the pelvic bones
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| iliac crest | upper curved edge of the ilium
has an anterior projection (towards the front of the body)
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| ilium | the largest of the three hip bones
it is the upper flared portion of the hip bones
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| phalanges | the bones of the fingers and toes
each finger has three
thumb has only two
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| metacarpals | bones of the hand
join with the carpals at their upper end and with the phalanges at their lower end
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| carpals | bones of the wrist
each wrist has eight
two rows of four bones each
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| ulna | the second of the two lower arm bones that joins the humerus above and the wrist bones below
on the medial or little finger side of the arm
has large projection called olecranon process: olecranon forms the point of elbow
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| radius | one of the two lower arm bones that joins the humerus above and the wrist bones below
it is on the lateral or thumb side of the arm
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| humerus | upper arm bone
joins the scapula above and the radius and ulna below
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| coccyx | the fifth segment of the vertebral column
"tailbone"
located and the END of the vertebral column
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| sacrum | fouth segment of verbral column
located below lumbar vertebrae
adults is a single triangluat shaped cone that resulted from the fusion of the five individual sacal bones of the child
wedged between the two hip bones and is attached to the pelvic gird
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| lumbar vertebrae | third segment in vertebrae
large and heavier than other vertebrae
supports the back and lower trunk
do not communicate with ribs
L1 - L5
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| thoracic vertebrae | second segment of the vertebral column
consisting of the next 12 vertebrae
connect with 12 pairs of ribs
T1-T12
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| cervical vertebrae | first segment of the vertebral column
consists of the first seven bones
c1-c7
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| temporal bones | form the lower sides and part of the base of the skull
contains middle and inner ear structures
contains mastoid sinuses
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