Renal phys 557
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| The kidneys are located on the ___________ wall of the abdomen. | posterior
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| Medial side or indented side is the _______ region in which arteries, veins, lymphatics, nerve supply, and ureters are located. | hilum
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| What are the two regions of the bisected kidney? | cortex and inner medulla
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| What are the cone shaped masses in the medulla called? | renal pyramids
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| The urinary bladder is a __________ muscle chamber and is composed of two parts. | smooth
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| The ______ constitutes most of the bladder and is responsible for collecting the urine that is formed in the kidneys. | body
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| The ______ is the other part of the bladder that is funnel shaped and connects with the urethra. | neck
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| The smooth muscle of the bladder is called the ___________ ___________. | detrusor muscle
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| What reflex controls emptying of the bladder? | micturition reflex
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| The micturition reflex is an _________ spinal cord reflex. | autonomic
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| Lying immediately above the bladder neck is an area called the ______ of the bladder. | trigone
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| What part of the nervous system at L2 controls the body and trigone of the bladder? | sympathetic
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| This part of the nervous system at S2,3 and this nerve controls the bladder neck and external sphincter? | parasympathetic, pudendal
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| Peristaltic contraction in the ureter are enhanced by ____________ stimulation and inhibited by ___________ stimulation. | parasympathetic, sympathetic
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| About how much CO do the kidneys receive? | about 20% or 1100ml/min
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| What reflex prevents excessive flow of fluid into the pelvis of the kidney when the ureter is blocked? | ureterorenal reflex
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| Renal artery enters via hilum and branches into the interlobar arteries, arcuate arteries, and afferent arterioles which lead to the __________ capillaries. | glomerular
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| Where does urine formation begin? | glomerular capillaries
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| The distal ends of the glomerular capillaries come together to form the ___________ arterioles which lead to a second capillary network called the peritubular capillaries that actually surround the renal tubules. | efferent
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| ______ hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries causes rapid fluid filtration whereas lower hydrostatic pressure in the peritubular capillaries permits fluid ______________. | high, reabsorption
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| What is the functional unit of the kidney? | nephron
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| How many nephrons are in each kidney? | 800K - 1 million
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| The kidney cannot regenerate new nephrons. T/F | T
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| Each nephron contains glomerular capillaries called the ___________ through which large amounts of fluids are filtered from the blood, and a long tubule in which filtered fluid is converted to urine on its way to the renal pelvis of the kidney. | glomerulus
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| The glomerular capillaries are covered by epithelial cells that are encased in ____________ ___________. | bowmans capsule
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| Fluid filtered through the glomerular capillaries flow into bowmans capsule and then into the proximal tubule which lies where in the kidney? | the cortex
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| From the proximal tubule, the fluid enters the ______ _ _____, which dips into the renal medulla. | loop of henle
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| The ascending limb of the loop of Henle has a group of specialized cells called _________ _________ that play an important role in the function of the nephron. | macula densa
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| The collecting ducts empty into the _________ __________ through the tips of the renal papillae. | renal pelvis
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| What are the components of the nephron? | 1. glomerulus 2. bowman's capsule 3. tubule system
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| Glomerulus is ____- permeable and allow water and wastes to be excreted from bowmans capsule as urine. | semi
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| What is the primary filtering device of the nephron? | bowmans capsule
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| What percentage of water and sodium that enters bowmans capsule is absorbed in the proximal tubule? | 70%
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| The loop of henle consists of ____________ & ___________ sections. | ascending and descending
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| The descending segment is ________ permeable to water. | highly
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| How many sections make up the ascending segment of the loop of henle? | 3
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| What section of the ascending loop does solute and solvent absorption occur in? | thin ascending limb
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| Where do loop diuretics work? | the loop of henle
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| What is the relative constancy of GFR and renal blood flow referred to as? | autoregulation
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| In order to perform autoregulation, the kidneys have a feedback mechanism that links changes in _______________ ____________ concentration at the macula densa with the control of renal arteriole resistance. | sodium chloride
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| What makes up the juxtaglomerular apparatus? | macula densa and juxtaglomerular cells
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| The macula densa cells contain _________ ___________ which are a type of intracellular organelles. | golgi apparatus
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| Golgi apparatus are __________ _____________ and are thought to secrete a substance directed toward the arterioles. | secretory organelles
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| What is another mechanism that contributes to the maintenance of a relatively constant renal blood flow and GFR? | myogenic mechanism
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| High _________ intake is known to increase renal blood flow and GFR. | protein
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| Urine formation is a result of 3 different processes that occur in the renal system, which are: | glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion
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| Small changes in glomerular filtration or tubular reabsorption can cause ________ changes in urinary excretion. | large
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| Unlike, glomerular filtration, renal tubular reabsorption is a _________ selective process. | highly
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| What increases the surface area of tubules? | microvilli
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| Microvilli only appear on the surface of ____________ tubules. | proximal
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| Filtrate can pass through the tubule cells either by ______ transport, _______ transport, or by________. | active, passive, osmosis
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| ____________ forces pertain to the pressure of liquids in equilibrium, therefore, the water moves back into the blood to achieve equilibrium. | hydrostatic
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| The _________ pressure moves the water froma region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration in order to achieve equilibrium. | osmotic
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| Active transport through the tubular cells is accomplished by use of ____, which is the energy source. | ATP
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| What depends on active transport when it is reabsorbed across the tubular epithelial cells? | glucose
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| Solutes are reabsorbed or secreted across the renal tubular cells through the ____________ pathway or the solutes can be reabsorbed across the renal tubular cells by moving across the tight junctions via the _____________ __________. | transcellular pathway, paracellular pathway
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| What solute can move through by either the paracellular or transcellular pathway? | sodium
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| Two or more substances may interact with a specific membrane protein that transports them across the membrane and this type of transport system is known as: | secondary active transport system
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| Large molecules of protein are reabsorbed by a process of "pinching off", which is: | pinocytosis
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| In this condition glucose spills over into the urine because the load exceeds the transport. | diabetes mellitus
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| The proximal tubular cells are highly metabolic and have high amounts of _____________ to support active transport. | mitochondria
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| What percentage of filtered water is reabsorbed by the loop of henle and most of this occurs in the thin descending limb of the loop of henle. | 20%
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| The thin and thick portions of the ascending limb are impermeable to water and this is a characteristic that is important for ________________ of urine. | concentration
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| What is the site of action for the powerful loop diuretics lasix, edecrin, and bumex? | the thick portion of the ascending limb of the loop of henle
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| The thick segment of the ascending loop of henle empties into the _______ tubule. | distal
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| The first portion of the distal tubule forms the ___________ ___________. | macula densa
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| The second part of the distal tubule and the cortical collecting tubule reabsorb __________ and water from the lumen and secrete ___________ ions into the lumen. | sodium, potassium
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| The distal tubule and cortical collecting tubule contain what two different cell types? | principal cells and intercalated cells
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| __________ cells reabsorb sodium and water from the lumen and secrete potassium into the lumen. | Principal
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| The ___________ cells reabsorb potassium ions and secrete hydrogen ions into the tubular lumen. | intercalated
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| The principal cells are the ____________ sites of action for the potassium sparing diuretics. | primary
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| The intercalated cells secrete hydrogen ions and is mediated by the ________-_________ transporter. | hydrogen-ATPase
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| The permeability of the late distal tubule and cortical collecting duct to water is controlled by the concentration of _______. | ADH
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| With high levels of ADH, these tubular segments are ___________ to water, but in the absence of ADH, they are ________________ to water. | permeable, impermeable
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| The medullary collecting duct reabsorbs less than ___% of the filtered water and sodium. | 10
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| What is the final site for processing the urine and play an important role in determining the final output of water and solutes? | medullary collecting duct
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| Small increases in ABP can cause marked increases in urinary excretion of sodium and water. What is this phenomenon known as? | Pressure Natriuresis and Pressure Diuresis
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| When GFR autoregulation is impaired, increases in ____ can cause much larger increases in GFR. | ABP
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| A major site of action for ________ is on the principal cells of the cortical collecting tubule. | aldosterone
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| What disease is characterized by the absence of aldosterone, therefore having a marked loss of sodium and increased amounts of potassium. | addisons
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| What disease states occur or cause excess aldosterone, where sodium is retained and potassium levels are decreased? | adrenal tumors, Conn's disease
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| Aldosterone is more important as a regulator of ______ concentration than for its ________ concentration. | potassium
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| What is the body's most powerful sodium-retaining hormone? | angiotensin II
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| Angiotensin II stimulates ______________ secretion, which in turn increases sodium reabsorption. | aldosterone
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| Angiotensin II constricts the ______________ arterioles and results in sodium and water reabsorption. | efferent
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| Angiotensin II directly stimulates __________ reabsorption in the proximal tubules, loops of henle, distal tubules, and collecting tubules. | sodium
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| The ________ ______________ of a substance is the volume of plasma that is completely cleared of the substance by the kidneys per unit time. | renal clearance
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| GFR can be calculated by administering what substance? | inulin
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| What is a by-product of muscle metabolism and is cleared from the body fluids almost entirely by glomerular filtration? | creatinine
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| The clearance of creatinine can also be used to assess what? | GFR
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| What is the most commonly used method by which kidney function is quantified? | GFR
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| When there is an absence of ADH, is urine dilute or concentrated? | dilute
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| Inside the cells of the collecting ducts there are specialized vesicles that have highly water permeable pores known as what? | aquaporins
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| Near or in the hypothalamus are modified neuron receptors called what? | osmoreceptors
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| What stimulates ADH secretion; increased or decreased blood volume? | decreased
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| What is stimulated by the baroreceptor signal and synthesizes ADH? | hypothalamus
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| Where is ADH released from? | the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
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| Large numbers of bicarbonate ions HCO3 are filtered continuously into the tubules, and if they are excreted into the urine, this removes base from the blood, hence the urine is _________. | basic
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| _____________ ___________ results from decrease ventilation and increased PCO2. | Respiratory acidosis
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| ______________ ______________ results from increased ventilation and decreased PCO2. | Respiratory alkalosis
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| Metabolic ____________ results from decreased extracellular fluid HCO3 concentration. | acidosis
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| Metabolic _____________ results from increased extracellular fluid HCO3 concentration. | alkalosis
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| What organ is the primary source of urea? | liver
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| Durin protein catabolism, what is produced? | ammonia
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| The liver converts the ammonia to _____, which helps prevent the build up of ammonia levels in the body. | urea
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| The _____ is directly related to protein metabolism. | BUN
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| What is normal BUN? | 10-20mg/dl
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| What may be indicative of starvation or liver disease? | low BUN
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| What is a product of muscle metabolism? | Creatinine
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| Serum creatinine is directly related to ______. | GFR
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| What is normal male creatinine? | 0.8-1.3mg/dl
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| What is normal female creatinine? | 0.6-1.0 mg/dl
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| What is the passage of solvent through a semipermiable membrane that separates solutions of different concentrations? Movement is from lower to higher concentrations. | osmotic/osmosis
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| This word is defined as: concerning, caused, or marked by swelling: | oncotic
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| Osmotic concentration, the characteristic of a solution determined by the ionic concentration of the dissolved substances per unit solvent. | osmolality
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| This pertains to the pressure of liquids in equilibrium and that exerted on liquids? | hydrostatic
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