Diffusion and Osmosis
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| What cells need in order to work? | - Sources of energy - all required elements - oxygen for aerobic organisms - any cofactor that cannot synthesize (vitamins)
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| Sources of Energy | - sugar - reduced organic compound- convert to ATP
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| What by-products of metabolism must a cell release? | -CO2 -ethanol or lactic acid -oxygen produced in photosynthesis -nitrogenous wastes
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| What if concentration is too high? | become toxic to cell
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| Homeostasis | cell must maintain stable internal conditions
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| Cell working with or against mechanisms of: | Diffusion
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| Diffusion | substances move from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration
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| Temperature above absolute zero | molecules are in a state of constant motion due to the heat energy imparted to them
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| movement of particules at high energy | random
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| What is the function of the molecule's temperature and molecular weight? | Velocity
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| Diffusion of a substance? | directly proportional to the absolute temperature in degrees Kelvin and inversely proportional to the square root of its molecular weight
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| Distance that molecules move without encountering other molecules depends on? | The nature of the material
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| What is a concentration gradient | difference in concentrations
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| Osmosis | -special case of diffusion -involves the passage of water through a selectively permeable membrane
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| Selectively permeable membrane | a membrane that permits the free passage of water, but prevents or retards the movement of other substances
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| Hypotonic | water moves in the cell where there's less water, cell swells
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| Hypertonic | water moves out of the cell, cell shrinks
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| Osmotic Pressure | Amount of water that will diffuse -as water moves into the cell, the pressure in the cell increases until the water ceases to enter
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| Isotonic | osmotic pressure of both sides of a semipermeable membrane is equal -no change in cell shape or size
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| Nonpolar compounds | the electrons are equally shared by the atoms sharing a bond, as in the long-chain portion of fatty-acid molecules- soluble in nonpolar solvents (hexane and ether) but no solubility in polar solvents (water)
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| Partition Coefficient | The ratio of the solubility of a compound in a nonpolar solvent relative to its solubility in water; also directly related to the ability of compounds to penetrate cell membranes
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| The higher the Partition Coefficient | the greater its chance of penetrating into cells
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| The quicker a liquid moves into a cell... | the quicker pressure will be built up, and the sooner the cells will lyse
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| Longer Carbon chain | =less polar= faster cell entry
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| In the lab of Lipid solubility, which compound was fastest to lyse? | 3M propyl alcohol (C3H7OH)= P.C= 0.156
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